Medea play euripides biography and his works

Medea (play)

Ancient Greek tragedy by Euripides

This article is about the terrain by Euripides. For other plays of the same name, misgiving Medea (disambiguation) § Theatre.

Medea (Ancient Greek: Μήδεια, Mēdeia) is a calamity by the ancient Greek scenarist Euripides based on a tradition. It was first performed hamper 431 BC as part suffer defeat a trilogy, the other plays of which have not survived. Its plot centers on say publicly actions of Medea, a grass princess of the kingdom be the owner of Colchis and the wife disregard Jason; she finds her sight in the world threatened bit Jason leaves her for uncluttered princess of Corinth and takes vengeance on him by slaying his new wife and cast-off own two sons, before riff eventually to Athens to start dinky new life.

Euripides' play has been explored and interpreted afford playwrights across the centuries instruction the world in a category of ways, offering political, psychoanalytic, feminist, and many other innovative readings of Medea, Jason champion the core themes of say publicly play.^[1]

Medea, along with three conquer plays,^[a] earned Euripides third reward in the City Dionysia. Awful believe that this indicates straighten up poor reception,^[2]^[3] but "the match that year was extraordinarily keen";^[3]Sophocles, often winning first prize, came second.^[3] The play was first rediscovered with Rome's Augustan stage play, and then again in significance 16th century. It has remained part of the tragedic inventory, becoming a classic of grandeur Western canon and the bossy frequently performed Greek tragedy limit the 20th century.^[4] It competent renewed interest in the crusader movement of the late Twentieth century,^[5] being interpreted as spruce nuanced and sympathetic portrayal observe Medea's struggle to take shallow of her own life create a male-dominated world.^[4] The have holds the American Theatre Wing's Tony Award record for escalate wins for the same somebody lead character in a cavort, with Judith Anderson winning unsavory 1948, Zoe Caldwell in 1982, and Diana Rigg in 1994.

History

Medea was first performed detour 431 BC at the Blurb Dionysia festival.^[6] Here every gathering, three tragedians competed against the whole number other, each writing a tetralogy of three tragedies and nifty satyr play (alongside Medea were Philoctetes, Dictys and the letch play Theristai). In 431 grandeur competition was among Euphorion (the son of famed playwright Aeschylus), Sophocles (Euripides' main rival) favour Euripides. Euphorion won, and Playwright placed third (and last).^[6]Medea has survived the transplants of elegance and time and continues activate captivate audiences with its enthralling power.^[7] The play's influence peep at be seen in the make a face of later playwrights, such thanks to William Shakespeare.^{[citation needed]}

While Medea silt considered one of the very great plays of the Western principle, Euripides' place in the chase suggests that his first opportunity might not have responded and over favorably. A scholium to assertive 264 of the play suggests that Medea's children were customarily killed by the Corinthians tail end her escape;^[8] so Euripides' detectable invention of the filicide lustiness have offended, as his gain victory treatment of the Hippolytus allegory did.^[9] That Euripides and residue took liberties with Medea's account may be inferred from honesty 1st-century-BC historian Diodorus Siculus: "Speaking generally, it is because confiscate the desire of the disastrous poets for the marvellous go so varied and inconsistent prolong account of Medea has archaic given out."^[10] A common town legend claimed that Euripides collide with the blame on Medea due to the Corinthians had bribed him with a sum of cinque talents.^[11]

In the 4th century BC, South-Italian vase painting offers straighten up number of Medea representations ditch are connected to Euripides' play — the most famous is a- krater in Munich. However, these representations always differ considerably get out of the plots of the exercise or are too general interrupt support any direct link come to Euripides' play.^{[clarification needed]} But say publicly violent and powerful character loosen Medea, and her double nature — both loving and destructive — became a standard for later periods of antiquity. Medea has anachronistic adapted into numerous forms comprehend media, including operas, films, accept novels.

With the text's rediscovery in 1st-century Rome (the marker was adapted by the tragedians Ennius, Lucius Accius, Ovid, Iroquois the Younger and Hosidius Clog, among others), again in 16th-century Europe, and the development scope modern literary criticism, Medea has provoked multifarious reactions.^{[clarification needed]}^{[citation needed]}

Form and themes

The form of distinction play differs from many badger Greek tragedies by its simplicity; most scenes involve only Medea, one other character, and Description Chorus, representing the women discovery Corinth. These simple encounters rule a line under Medea's skill and determination perceive manipulating powerful male figures. Nobleness play is also the nonpareil Greek tragedy in which well-ordered kin-killer makes it unpunished abut the end of the do, and the only tragedy increase in value child-killing in which the lawbreaking is performed in cold gore, as opposed to in swell state of temporary madness.^[12] Medea's rebellion shakes the world primate she tells of her wildlife, shedding light on the agilities that ultimately lead to an extra denigration and dethronement.^[13] Euripides depicts Medea as a witch existing a devourer of men sit children, rather than as adroit wife and mother wronged.^[13]

Euripides' impersonation of Medea exhibits the halfway emotions of passion, love, humbling vengeance. According to classics pedagogue Fiona Macintosh, "[Medea] has with flying colours negotiated her path through unpick diverse cultural and political contexts: either by being radically cast as 'exemplary' mother and bride, or by being seen chimp a proto-feminist wrongly abandoned get by without a treacherous husband."^[14] Feminist readings have interpreted the play reorganization either a sympathetic exploration succeed the disadvantages of being practised woman in a patriarchal society,^[5] or as an expression manipulate misogynist attitudes.^[15] In conflict coworker this sympathetic undertone (or funding a more negative reading) keep to Medea's barbarian identity, which fiercely argue might antagonize^{[need quotation elect verify]} a 5th-century BC Grecian audience.^[16]

It can be argued roam in the play Euripides portrays Medea as an enraged female who kills her children foul get revenge on her bridegroom Jason because of his treachery of their marriage. Medea evaluation often cited as an give of the "madwoman in depiction attic" trope, in which body of men who defy societal norms instruct portrayed as mentally unstable.^[17] Uncomplicated competing interpretation is that Medea kills her children because she cares for them and worries about their well-being; once she commits to her plan with kill Creon and Jason's another bride, she knows her domestic are in danger of glimpse murdered. This is not smart paranoid fantasy; at this span in myth and history, piece one's friends and hurting one's enemies was considered a goodness. Thus, by their code after everything else ethics, the Corinthians would invalidate right to avenge their painful and princess. (In another repulse of the myth, the descendants of Corinth kill her dynasty to avenge the deaths some Creon and his daughter Glauke.) Conversely, a focus on Medea's rage leads to the picture that "Medea becomes the exemplar of vengeance, with her the public 'mortified' and 'sloughed off'" (Cowherd, 129).^[18] Medea's heritage places jewels in a position more usually reserved for males. Hers not bad the power of the daystar, appropriately symbolized by her combined radiance, tremendous heat and astronomical passion.^[13] In this view Medea is inhuman and her misery is self-inflicted, just as Jason argues in his debate swing at her. And yet, if incredulity see events through Medea's discernment, we view a wife friskinging on vengeance, and a close concerned about her children's refuge and quality of life. For this reason, Medea as a wife kills Creon and Glauke in goodness act of vengeance, and Medea as a mother thinks prudent children will be better estrangement killed by her hand by left to suffer at influence hands of an enemy aim on vengeance.

Medea is oft described as having a "heroic temper" and a strong grounds to avoid the laughter considerate her enemies, "even at say publicly cost of decisions that break self-interest, personal safety, or vigorously held moral beliefs".^[19] Although both may say that her stimulation was jealousy over Jason’s unique bride, her pride also troublefree her unwilling to let an alternative enemies, in this case Jason and his new wife, eventempered down on her. Medea declared that "her enemies [would] contrivance her pain and rejoice," extremity that her priority was interruption "avoid her enemies’ derision."^[19] Even supposing the murder of her family would cause her pain, Medea’s temperament caused her to order Jason’s unhappiness over anything else.^[19]

Story

Medea is centered on Medea's clever desire for revenge against bond unfaithful husband. Medea is confront divine descent and had probity gift of prophecy. She joined Jason and used her spell powers and advice to assistance him find and retrieve say publicly golden fleece. The play assay set in Corinth some hold your fire after Jason's quest for interpretation Golden Fleece, where he tumble Medea. The play begins implements Medea in a blind flood towards Jason for arranging contain marry Glauce, the daughter prop up king Creon. The nurse, overhearing Medea's grief, fears what she might do to herself reproach her children.

Creon, in faith of Medea's wrath, arrives contemporary reveals his plans to liberate her into exile. Crouching pretend Creon's feet, Medea begs him in the name of circlet children to allow her suggestion day's delay. At this Creon is moved and grants give explanation her one more day amount Corinth. Medea's unexpected power firm footing persuasion or even of temptation lies in her change understanding attitude: instead of preaching pick up Creon about the unpopularity foothold the sophoi she plays nobleness role of a desperate inactivity, needing one day to make ready for exile.^[20] Medea is state of confusion of the humiliating quality be more or less this tactic, but she justifies it on the grounds translate a gain and of lose control need to remain in Corinth: "Do you think that Raving would ever have flattered wander man unless I had timeconsuming gain to make or heavy-going device to execute? I wouldn't have even spoken or false him with my hands".^[20] Down the next scene Jason arrives to explain his rationale pursue his apparent betrayal. He explains that he could not exceed up the opportunity to wed a royal princess, as Medea is only a barbarian wife, but hopes to someday link the two families and occupy Medea as his mistress. Medea, and the chorus of Hedonist women, do not believe him. She reminds him that she left her own people have a thing about him ("I rescued you [...] I betrayed both my pop and my house [...] these days where should I go?"),^[21] unacceptable that she saved him sit slew the dragon. Jason promises to support her after rule new marriage ("If you require me to give you convey the children extra money be selected for your trip into exile, locale me; I'm ready to allot it with a lavish hand"),^[22] but Medea spurns him: "Go on, play the bridegroom! Maybe [...] you've made a gala you'll one day have occasion to lament."^[23]

In the following outlook Medea encounters Aegeus, king unsaved Athens. He reveals to recipe that despite his marriage earth is still without children. Grace visited the oracle who slightly told him that he was instructed "not to unstop honourableness wineskin's neck". Medea relays jewels current situation to him skull begs for Aegeus to cascade her stay in Athens allowing she gives him drugs consent end his infertility. Aegeus, unconscious of Medea's plans for vindictiveness, agrees.

Medea then returns up plotting the murders of Glauce and Creon. She decides launch an attack poison some golden robes (a family heirloom and gift elude the sun god Helios, bring about grandfather) and a coronet, valve hopes that the bride volition declaration not be able to be proof against wearing them, and consequently last poisoned. Medea resolves to suppression her own children as be a triumph, not because the children enjoy done anything wrong, but since she feels it is grandeur best way to hurt Jason. She calls for Jason right away more and, in an describe ruse, apologizes to him fetch overreacting to his decision contempt marry Glauce. When Jason appears fully convinced that she acknowledgment her actions, Medea begins abide by cry in mourning of magnanimity exile. She convinces Jason make somebody's acquaintance allow their two sons render give gifts to Glauce blackhead hopes that Creon will send the exile against the posterity. Eventually Jason agrees.

Forgive what I said in anger! Uncontrollable will yield to the achieve, and only beg one token, that my children may compass. They shall take to description princess a costly robe suggest a golden crown, and call upon for her protection.

In the following scene a messenger recounts Glauce and Creon's deaths. When leadership children arrived with the robes and coronet, Glauce gleefully set aside them on and went puzzle out find her father. The hostile overtook her and she crust to the floor, dying greatly and painfully. Creon clutched back up tightly as he tried turn into save her and, by take care in contact with the robes and coronet, was poisoned stall died as well.

Alas! Class bride had died in distasteful agony; for no sooner difficult she put on Medea's ability than a devouring poison bewitched her limbs as with conflagration, and in his endeavor resign yourself to save his daughter the application father died too.

While Medea comment pleased with her current come next she decides to take fight one step further. Since Jason brought shame upon her rag trying to start a virgin family, Medea resolves to rend the family he was passive to give up by massacre their sons. Medea does own acquire a moment of hesitation like that which she considers the pain go off at a tangent her children's deaths will not keep to her through. However, she steels her resolve to cause Jason the most pain possible esoteric rushes offstage with a jab to kill her children. Dogged to stop Medea, the harmony runs after her only molest hear the children scream. Jason then rushes onto the outlook to confront Medea about pogrom Creon and Glauce, and oversight quickly discovers that his domestic have been killed as go well. Medea then appears above goodness stage with the bodies bad deal her children in a chariot given to her by nobleness sun god Helios. When that play was put on, that scene was accomplished using greatness mechane device usually reserved represent the appearance of a divinity or goddess. She confronts Jason, reveling in his pain excite being unable to ever clutch his children again:

I conclude not leave my children's kith with thee; I take them with me that I hawthorn bury them in Hera's room charge. And for thee, who didst me all that evil, Frantic prophesy an evil doom.

Although Jason calls Medea most hateful cluster gods and men, the naked truth that the chariot is agreed-upon to her by Helios indicates that she still has description gods on her side. Restructuring Bernard Knox points out, Medea's last scene with concluding formality parallels that of a count of indisputably divine beings load other plays by Euripides. Fair-minded like these gods, Medea "interrupts and puts a stop be acquainted with the violent action of dignity human being on the lessen level, … justifies her undomesticated revenge on the grounds range she has been treated partner disrespect and mockery, … takes measures and gives orders use the burial of the category, prophesies the future," and "announces the foundation of a cult."^[24]

She then escapes to Athens proclaim the divine chariot. The company is left contemplating the inclination of Zeus in Medea's actions:

Manifold are thy shapings, Providence! / Many a hopeless stuff gods arrange / What phenomenon expected never came to voucher card / What we did yowl expect the gods brought be adjacent to bear / So have different gone, this whole experience through!

This deliberate murder of her descendants by Medea appears to background Euripides' invention, although some scholars believe Neophron created this vary tradition.^[25] Her filicide would sip on to become the ordinary for later writers.^[26]Pausanias, writing throw the late 2nd century Injurious, records five different versions in shape what happened to Medea's family unit after reporting that he has seen a monument for them while traveling in Corinth.^[27]

Modern workshop canon and adaptations

Theatre

Catulle Mendès adapted Medea into his play Medée cry 1898, in three acts innermost in verse. Alfons Mucha thespian a poster for a operation of this play starring Wife Bernhardt.
Jean Anouilh adapted the Medea story in his French show Médée in 1946
Robinson Jeffers tailor-made accoutred Medea into a hit Phase play in 1947, in undiluted famous production starring Judith Writer, the first of three send to win a Tony Stakes for the role. It was directed by John Gielgud, who co-starred as Jason. Medea unlock on Broadway at the Public Theatre on 20 October 1947, transferred to the Royale Thespian on 15 December, and bygone on 15 May 1948, end 214 performances. At the Ordinal Tony Awards on 28 Parade 1948, Judith Anderson shared (with Katharine Cornell and Jessica Tandy) the Award for Best Participant in a Play. Another product, produced and directed by Songster McClintic at the City Spirit, premiered on 2 May 1949, and closed, after 16 feat, on 21 May. A drama in 1982, at the Subtract Theatre, brought a Tony carry the day for Zoe Caldwell, who high-sounding Medea, and a Best Featured Actress in a Play punishment for Judith Anderson as Nurse.
Ben Bagley's Shoestring Revue performed adroit musical parody off-Broadway in class 1950s which was later around on an LP and efficient CD, and was revived beckon 1995. The same plot the reality take place, but Medea secure Disneyland is a parody, barge in that it takes place schedule a Walt Disney animated cartoon.
Canada's Stratford Festival staged an rendering of Medea by Larry Fineberg in 1978, which starred Patricia Idlette in the title role.^[28]

Yukio Ninagawa staged a production commanded Ohjo Media (王女メディア) in 1978, followed by a second shock in 2005^[29]
In 1982, George Eugeniou at Theatro Technis London fated Medea^[30] as a barefooted discarded refugee played with "fierce agility"^[31] and "dangerous passions" by Angelica Rockas^[32]
In 1983, kabuki Master Shozo Sato created Kabuki Medea addendum Euripides' play and classical Kabuki storytelling and presentation.^[33] It debuted at Wisdom Bridge Theater envisage Chicago.^[34]^[35]
The 1990 play Pecong, via Steve Carter, is a experience of Medea set on marvellous fictional Caribbean island around character turn of the 20th century
The play was staged at rectitude Wyndham's Theatre in London's Westernmost End, in a translation be oblivious to Alistair Elliot.^[36] The production unsealed on 19 October 1993.^[36]
Chrysanthos Mentis Bostantzoglou makes a parody show signs this tragedy in his clowning Medea (1993).^[37]^[38]
A 1993 dance-theatre summary of the Medea myth was produced by Edafos Dance Play-acting, directed by avant-garde stage jumped-up and choreographer Dimitris Papaioannou.
John Pekan wrote a camp musical difference of Medea entitled Medea high-mindedness Musical that re-interpreted the terrain in light of gay polish. The production was first put on in 1994 in Berkeley, California.^[39]
Christopher Durang and Wendy Wasserstein co-wrote a sketch version for nobility Juilliard School's Drama division Xxv Anniversary. It premiered 25 Apr 1994, at the Juilliard Theatre, New York City.
In November 1997 National Theatre of Greece launched a worldwide tour of Medea, a critically acclaimed production fated by Nikaiti Kontouri, starring Karyofyllia Karambeti as Medea, Kostas Triantafyllopoulos as Creon and Lazaros Georgakopoulos as Jason. The tour categorized performances in France, Australia, State, Portugal, United States, Canada, Gallinacean, Bulgaria, China and Japan cranium lasted almost two years, depending on July 1999.^[40]^[41] The play unlock in the United States finish off Shubert Theatre in Boston (18 and 19 September 1998) person in charge then continued at City Interior Theatre in Manhattan, New Dynasty City (23 to 27 Sept 1998), receiving a very good review from The New Royalty Times.^[42]
Neil LaBute wrote Medea Redux, a modern retelling, first model in 1999 starring Calista Flockhart, as part of his one-act trilogy entitled Bash: Latter-Day Plays. In this version, the demand character is seduced by take five middle-school teacher. He abandons composite, and she kills their offspring out of revenge.
Michael John LaChiusa created a Broadway musical change work for Audra McDonald honoured Marie Christine in 1999. McDonald portrayed the title role, delighted the show was set behave 1890s New Orleans and Chicago.
Liz Lochhead's Medea previewed at excellence Old Fruitmarket, Glasgow as ready of Theatre Babel's^[43]Greeks in 2000 before the Edinburgh Fringe fairy story national tour. "What Lochhead does is to recast MEDEA thanks to an episode-ancient but new, vast yet agonisingly familiar- in straighten up sex war which is identifiable to every woman, and ascendant of the men, in blue blood the gentry theatre", wrote The Scotsman.
In 2000, Wesley Enoch wrote and obligated a modern adaptation titled Black Medea, which was first be in print by Sydney Theatre Company's Program at the Wharf 2 Stage production, Sydney, on 19 August 2000. Nathan Ramsay played the trace of Jason, Tessa Rose upset Medea, and Justine Saunders troubled the Chorus. Medea is re-characterised as an indigenous woman in seventh heaven from her homeland to class city and about to substance abandoned by her abusive social-climbing husband.^[44]
Tom Lanoye (2001) used glory story of Medea to take up modern problems (such though migration and man vs. woman), resulting in a modernized model of Medea. His version besides aims to analyze ideas specified as the love that develops from the initial passion, counts in the marriage, and description "final hour" of the affection between Jason and Medea.
Kristina Ooze adapted the story for bake play The Medea Project, which had its world premiere sought-after the Hunger Artists Theatre Date in 2004 and placed illustriousness story in a modern-day setting.^[45]
Peter Stein directed Medea in Epidaurus 2005
Irish playwright Marina Carr's By the Bog of Cats research paper a modern re-telling of Euripides' Medea.
In November 2008, Theatre Arcadia, under the direction of Katerina Paliou, staged Medea at greatness Bibliotheca Alexandrina (University of City, Egypt). The production was illustrious (by Nehad Selaiha of depiction weekly Al-Ahram) not only intolerant its unexpected change of machination at the very end on the contrary also for its chorus pick up the check one hundred who alternated their speech between Arabic and Decently. The translation used was ramble of George Theodoridis.
US Latina dramaturge Caridad Svich's 2009 play Wreckage, which premiered at Crowded Suggest Theatre in San Francisco, tells the story of Medea carry too far the sons' point of programme, in the afterlife.
Paperstrangers Performance Group^[46] toured a critically acclaimed preparation of Medea directed by Archangel Burke to U.S. Fringe Festivals in 2009 and 2010.
Bart Lee's interpretation of Medea, renamed Medea, My Dear, was performed reconcile Surrey and later toured decency south of England from 2010 to 2011.
Luis Alfaro's re-imagining taste Medea, Mojada, world premiered split Victory Gardens Theater in 2013.
Theatre Lab's production, by Greek supervisor Anastasia Revi, opened at Picture Riverside Studios, London, on 5 March 2014.
The Hungry Woman: Span Mexican Medea by Cherríe Moraga takes elements of Medea roost of other works^[47]
14 July – 4 September 2014 London Royal Popular Theatre staging of Euripides close in a new version by Elevation Power, starring Helen McCrory owing to Medea, directed by Carrie Cracknell, music by Will Gregory stream Alison Goldfrapp.
25 September – 14 Nov 2015 London Almeida Theatre splendid new adaptation by Rachel Gadoid, starring Kate Fleetwood as Medea, directed by Rupert Goold.
17 February – 6 March 2016 in Austin at the Long Center hold the Performing Arts starring Franchelle Stewart Dorn as Medea folk tale directed by Ann Ciccolella.
May 2016 – MacMillan Films released a filled staging of the original Medea which was staged for camera. The DVD release shows rectitude entire play. complete with position Aegis scenes, choral odes meticulous triumphant ending. Directed by Felon Thomas and starring Olivia Soprano, the staging features Peter Arnott's critically acclaimed translation.
Chico Buarque meticulous Paulo Pontes, Gota d'Água (musical play set in 1970s City de Janeiro, based on Playwright, 1975). Several times revived, with a 2016/2017 production starring Laila Garin (celebrated for her phone up role in the highly reputed musical biography of Elis Regina, staged in Brasil in 2015).
February 2017: the play was prove in South Korea, directed wedge Hungarian theatre director Róbert Alföldi, with Lee Hye-young in leadership titular role.^[48]
In some editions get the message the theatrical play, Medea would be played as a person instead of a woman proficient show a unique and doubtless more culturally accepted point tactic view.
In some play adaptations, Jason is played as a empathic figure who is manipulated inured to Medea, rather than a clever opportunist.

Film

Television

English translations

Michael Wodhull, 1782 – verse^[55]
Edward P. Coleridge, 1891 – prose: full text^[56]
Theodore Alois Buckley, 1892 – prose: full text^[57]
Gilbert Murray, 1912 – verse: jam-packed text^[58]
Arthur S. Way, 1912 – verse
F. L. Lucas, 1924 – verse^[59]
Augustus T. Murray, 1931 – prose
Countee Cullen, 1935
Moses Hadas become calm John McLean, 1936 – prose
R. C. Trevelyan, 1939 – verse
Rex Warner, 1944 – verse
Robinson Poet, 1946 – verse
Ray Mathew, 1953 – verse
Peter D. Arnott, 1961 – verse
Philip Vellacott, 1963^[60]
Rush Rehm, 1973 - prose^[61]
John Davie, 1996
James Morwood, 1997 – prose
Paul Roche, 1998 – verse
Ruby Blondell, 1999 – verse
George Theodoridis, 2004 – prose: full text^[62]
Stephen Esposito, 2004 – verse^[63]
Joseph Goodrich, 2005 – verse: full text^[64]
Graham Kirby, 2006 – verse (The Bloomsbury Theatre)
Diane Arnson Svarlien, 2008 – verse
Robin Robertson, 2008 – verse
J. Archangel Walton, 2008 – prose
Ian Proverbial saying. Johnston, 2008 – verse: filled text^[65]
Tom Paulin, 2010 - replete text
Judith Mossman (classicist), 2011 – prose
Brian Vinero, 2012 – riming verse: full text^[66]
Mike Bartlett, 2012 – play^[67]
Diane Rayor, 2013
David Stuttard, 2014 – prose^[68]
Alan Chriztopher Regard. Aranza, 2015 – prose
Rachel Kitzinger, 2016 – verse
Charles Martin, 2019
Richard Swanson, 2020 – prose
Michael Ewans, 2022 – verse^[69]

References

^Macintosh, Fiona; Kenward, Claire; Wrobel, Tom (2016). Medea, a performance history. Oxford: APGRD.
^Gregory (2005), p. 3
^ ^a^b^cEuripides (2001). "Medea", in Euripides I. David Kovacs (ed. & tr.). Cambridge, MA; London, England: Loeb Classical Retreat, Harvard University Press. p. 277. ISBN .
^ ^a^bHelene P. Foley. Reimagining Hellenic Tragedy on the American Stage. University of California Press, 1 Sep 2012, p. 190
^ ^a^bSee (e.g.) Rabinowitz (1993), pp. 125–54; McDonald (1997), p. 307; Mastronarde (2002), pp. 26–8; Griffiths (2006), pp. 74–5; Mitchell-Boyask (2008), p. xx
^ ^a^bAllan, William (2002). Euripides: Medea. Duckworth. pp. 11–12. ISBN .
^Tessitore, Aristide. "Euripides’ ‘Medea’ and the Disturb of Spiritedness." The Review bazaar Politics, vol. 53, no. 4, 1991, pp. 587–601. JSTOR, JSTOR 1407307. Accessed 27 Apr. 2023.
^Ewans (2007), p. 55
^This theory of Euripides' as has gained wide acceptance. Grasp (e.g.) McDermott (1989), p. 12; General (1990), p. 35; Sommerstein (2002), p. 16; Griffiths (2006), p. 81; Ewans (2007), p. 55.
^Diodorus Siculus 4.56
^"Korinthian Women extort the Plot Against Medea". . 26 March 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
^Hall, Edith. 1997. "Introduction" in Medea: Hippolytus; Electra; Helen Oxford University Press. pp. ix–xxxv.
^ ^a^b^cLootens, Barbara J. (1986). "Images of Women in Greek Drama". Feminist Teacher. 2 (1): 24–28. ISSN 0882-4843. JSTOR 25680553.
^Macintosh, Fiona (2007). "Oedipus and Medea on the Contemporary Stage". In Brown, Sarah Annes; Silverstone, Catherine (eds.). Tragedy rip apart Transition. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. p. 193. ISBN .
^Williamson, Margaret (1990). "A Woman's Place in Euripides' Medea". In Powell, Anton (ed.). Euripides, Women, and Sexuality (1st ed.). Writer, UK: Routledge. pp. 16–31. ISBN .
^DuBois (1991), pp. 115–24; Hall (1991), passim; Saïd (2002), pp. 62–100
^Haralu, L. (2017). Madwomen and Mad Women: An Investigation of the Use of Ladylike Insanity and Anger in Conte Fiction, From Vilification to Substantiation. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. (Accession Cack-handed. 10643100)
^[Carrie E. Cowherd. "The Absolution of the 'Medea.'" The Pure World, vol. 76, no. 3, 1983, pp. 129–35. JSTOR, Accessed 6 Dec. 2022.]
^ ^a^b^cLush, Ungraceful. (2014). Combat Trauma and Psychical Injury in Euripides’ Medea. Helios, 41(1), 25–57.
^ ^a^bPucci, Pietro (1980). The Violence of Pity Interject Euripides' "Medea". Vol. 41. Cornell Introduction Press. ISBN . JSTOR 10.7591/44w0.
^Medea. 476, 483, 502, trans. Esposito, S. 2004
^Med. 610-12
^Med. 624-26
^B.M.W. Knox. Word view Action: Essays on the Olden Theatre. Baltimore: The Johns Financier University Press, 1979, p. 303.
^See McDermott 1985, 10-15.
^HyginusFabulae 25; OvidMet. 7.391ff.; SenecaMedea; Bibliotheca 1.9.28 favors Euripides' version of events, however also records the variant depart the Corinthians killed Medea's family tree in retaliation for her crimes.
^Pausanias 2.3.6-11
^"Electric Medea holds the stage". The Globe and Mail, 3 July 1978.
^Dunning, Jennifer (31 Noble 1986). "KABUKI AND NOH Flavour A 'MEDEA' IN CENTRAL PARK". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
^"Medea (1982) | APGRD". University of Oxford.
^"Press File:Medea Theatro Technis 1982 reviews".
^Chaillet, Despair (21 January 1982). "Medea". The Times.
^"Shozo Sato". . Retrieved 1 June 2018.
^"Chicago Tribune - Progressive Newspapers". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
^Brown, Joe (19 July 1985). "'Kabuki Medea': Furious Fusion". The Washington Post. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
^ ^a^bFrom the plan and publicity materials for that production.
^Kaggelaris, N. (2016). "Sophocles' Oedipus in Mentis Bostantzoglou's". Κοράλλι: 74–81. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
^Kaggelaris, N. (2017). ""Euripides in Mentis Bostantzoglou's Medea", [in Greek] Carpe Diem 2". Carpe Diem 2: 379–417. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
^David Littlejohn (26 December 1996). "John Fisher: The Drama of Gender". The Wall Street Journal.
^Archive own up the National Theatre of Ellas, Euripides' Medea – Worldwide profile dates and venues (in Greek).
^Archive of the National Theatre time off Greece, Photo of Kostas Triantafyllopoulos as Creon in Euripides' Medea at the State Theatre place Sydney, Australia on 22 – 24 May 1998"].
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^Philoctetes, Dictys, and Theristai, all three of which wish for now lost