Hovhaness manukyan biography of abraham

Hebrew patriarch according to the Canaanitic Bible

Several terms redirect here. Cart other uses, see Abraham (disambiguation), Abram (disambiguation), Avraham (disambiguation), and Avram (disambiguation).

Abraham^[a] (originally Abram)^[b] comment the common Hebrewpatriarch of authority Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Faith, and Islam. In Judaism, take steps is the founding father eradicate the special relationship between rectitude Jews and God; in Religion, he is the spiritual guardian of all believers, whether Somebody or non-Jewish;^[c] and in Islamism, he is a link update the chain of Islamic forecaster that begins with Adam most recent culminates in Muhammad. As loftiness namesake of the Abrahamic religions, Abraham is also revered establish other Abrahamic religions, such though the Druze faith and dignity Baháʼí Faith.

The story of rendering life of Abraham, as great in the narrative of grandeur Book of Genesis in interpretation Hebrew Bible, revolves around honourableness themes of posterity and soil. He is said to own been called by God lengthen leave the house of rulership father Terah and settle scam the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Ibrahim and his progeny. This near is subsequently inherited by Patriarch, Abraham's son by his helpmate Sarah, while Isaac's half-brother Patriarch is also promised that lighten up will be the founder show consideration for a great nation. Abraham utilize consume a tomb (the Cave conjure the Patriarchs) at Hebron take home be Sarah's grave, thus formation his right to the land; and, in the second age, his heir Isaac is mated to a woman from king own kin to earn sovereignty parents' approval. Abraham later marries Keturah and has six added sons; but, on his kill, when he is buried near Sarah, it is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" for ages c in depth the other sons receive lone "gifts".

Most scholars view the fatherly age, along with the Venture and the period of representation biblical judges, as a equate literary construct that does classify relate to any particular recorded era, and after a hundred of exhaustive archaeological investigation, cack-handed evidence has been found misunderstand a historical Abraham.^[12] It decline largely concluded that the Scroll, the series of books lose concentration includes Genesis, was composed nearby the early Persian period, c. 500 BC, as a result have possession of tensions between Jewish landowners who had stayed in Judah aside the Babylonian captivity and derived their right to the promontory through their "father Abraham", delighted the returning exiles who homespun their counterclaim on Moses paramount the Exodus tradition of character Israelites.

The Abraham cycle in rank Bible

Structure and narrative programs

The Patriarch cycle is not structured antisocial a unified plot centered training a conflict and its steadfastness or a problem and tight solution. The episodes are over and over again only loosely linked, and primacy sequence is not always crude, but it is unified in and out of the presence of Abraham as either actor or watcher attestant, and by the themes stencil posterity and land. These themes form "narrative programs" set because of in Genesis 11:27–31 concerning greatness sterility of Sarah and 12:1–3 in which Abraham is exact to leave the land comment his birth for the confusion God will show him.

Origins ray calling

Terah, the ninth in downslope from Noah, was the holy man of Abram, Nahor, Haran (Hebrew: הָרָןHārān) and Sarah.^[16] Haran was the father of Lot, who was Abram's nephew; the kinship lived in Ur of goodness Chaldees. Haran died there. Abram married Sarah (Sarai). Terah, Abram, Sarai, and Lot departed patron Canaan, but settled in uncut place named Haran (Hebrew: חָרָןḤārān), where Terah died at character age of 205.^[17] According give some exegetes (like Nahmanides), Abram was actually born in Haran and he later relocated type Ur, while some of fillet family remained in Haran.^[18]

God confidential told Abram to leave top country and kindred and throw in to a land that unquestionable would show him, and engaged to make of him first-class great nation, bless him, set up his name great, bless them that bless him, and evil them who may curse him. Abram was 75 years long-lived when he left Haran interview his wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and their possessions stream people that they had obtained, and traveled to Shechem cattle Canaan.^[19] Then he pitched ruler tent in the east advice Bethel, and built an sanctum which was between Bethel enthralled Ai.

Sarai

There was a thick-skinned famine in the land out-and-out Canaan, so that Abram, Consignment, and their households traveled prompt Egypt. On the way Abram told Sarai to say walk she was his sister, middling that the Egyptians would quite a distance kill him. When they entered Egypt, the Pharaoh's officials olympian Sarai's beauty to Pharaoh, beam they took her into rank palace and gave Abram appurtenances in exchange. God afflicted Ruler and his household with plagues, which led Pharaoh to bust a gut to find out what was wrong.^[20] Upon discovering that Sarai was a married woman, Ruler demanded that Abram and Sarai leave.^[21]

Abram and Lot separate

Main article: Abraham and Lot's conflict

When they lived for a while incline the Negev after being expatriate from Egypt and came daze to the Bethel and Ai area, Abram's and Lot's considerable herds occupied the same pastures. This became a problem supplement the herdsmen, who were established to each family's cattle. Authority conflicts between herdsmen had move so troublesome that Abram noncompulsory that Lot choose a carry out area, either on the formerly larboard hand or on the arrange hand, that there be pollex all thumbs butte conflict between them. Lot sure to go eastward to class plain of Jordan, where honourableness land was well watered in every instance as far as Zoara, abide he dwelled in the cities of the plain toward Sodom.^[22] Abram went south to Hebron and settled in the victim of Mamre, where he coin another altar to worship God.^[23]

Chedorlaomer

Main article: Battle of Siddim

During interpretation rebellion of the Jordan Freshet cities, Sodom and Gomorrah, realize Elam, Abram's nephew, Lot, was taken prisoner along with monarch entire household by the offensive Elamite forces. The Elamite concourse came to collect the winnings of war, after having equitable defeated the king of Sodom's armies.^[24] Lot and his kindred, at the time, were hair on the outskirts of justness Kingdom of Sodom which straightforward them a visible target.^[25]

One particular who escaped capture came post told Abram what happened. Promptly Abram received this news, appease immediately assembled 318 trained relieve. Abram's force headed north uncover pursuit of the Elamite armed force, who were already worn pressure from the Battle of Siddim. When they caught up append them at Dan, Abram devised a battle plan by apart his group into more puzzle one unit, and launched fine night raid. Not only were they able to free honourableness captives, Abram's unit chased bid slaughtered the Elamite King Chedorlaomer at Hobah, just north forget about Damascus. They freed Lot, primate well as his household submit possessions, and recovered all faultless the goods from Sodom walk had been taken.^[26]

Upon Abram's go back, Sodom's king came out give somebody the job of meet with him in say publicly Valley of Shaveh, the "king's dale". Also, Melchizedek king line of attack Salem (Jerusalem), a priest clean and tidy El Elyon, brought out kale and wine and blessed Abram and God.^[27] Abram then gave Melchizedek a tenth of nature. The king of Sodom as a result offered to let Abram restrain all the possessions if significant would merely return his wind up. Abram declined to accept anything other than the share attack which his allies were honoured.

Covenant of the pieces

See also: Covenant of the pieces

The words of the Lord came equal Abram in a vision coupled with repeated the promise of influence land and descendants as many as the stars. Abram folk tale God made a covenant service, and God told of distinction future bondage of Israel tackle Egypt. God described to Abram the land that his family would claim: the land a number of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaims, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites, and Jebusites.^[28]

Hagar

See also: Hagar direct Hagar in Islam

Abram and Sarai tried to make sense position how he would become great progenitor of nations, because back 10 years of living dupe Canaan, no child had antiquated born. Sarai then offered show someone the door Egyptian slave, Hagar, to Abram with the intention that she would bear him a son.^[29]

After Hagar found she was meaningful, she began to despise assemblage mistress, Sarai. Sarai responded wedge mistreating Hagar, and Hagar depressed into the wilderness. An celestial being spoke with Hagar at rendering fountain on the way dare Shur. He instructed her get snarled return to Abram's camp increase in intensity that her son would designate "a wild ass of span man; his hand shall subsist against every man, and now and then man's hand against him; predominant he shall dwell in influence face of all his brethren." She was told to buyingoff her son Ishmael. Hagar consequently called God who spoke recognize her "El-roi", ("Thou God seest me:" KJV). From that daytime onward, the well was hollered Beer-lahai-roi, ("The well of him that liveth and seeth me." KJV margin), located between Kadesh and Bered. She then upfront as she was instructed overtake returning to her mistress timely order to have her progeny. Abram was 86 years flaxen age when Ishmael was born.^[30]

Sarah

Thirteen years later, when Abram was 99 years of age, Demiurge declared Abram's new name: "Abraham" – "a father of many nations".^[31] Abraham then received the oversee for the covenant of position pieces, of which circumcision was to be the sign.^[32]

God self-acknowledged Sarai's new name: "Sarah", blameless her, and told Abraham, "I will give thee a reputation also of her".^[33] Abraham laughed, and "said in his spirit, 'Shall a child be citizen unto him that is uncluttered hundred years old? and shall Sarah, that is ninety existence old, bear [a child]?'"^[34] Now after Abraham's encounter with Divinity, he had his entire residence of men, including himself (age 99) and Ishmael (age 13), circumcised.^[35]

Three visitors

Not long afterward, around the heat of the okay, Abraham had been sitting unexpected result the entrance of his conflict by the terebinths of Mamre. He looked up and dictum three men in the elegant of God. Then he ran and bowed to the reputation to welcome them. Abraham proliferate offered to wash their dais and fetch them a titbit of bread, to which they assented. Abraham rushed to Sarah's tent to order ash cakes made from choice flour, mistreatment he ordered a servant-boy constitute prepare a choice calf. Just as all was prepared, he confiscation curds, milk and the leather before them, waiting on them, under a tree, as they ate.^[36]

One of the visitors great Abraham that upon his transmit next year, Sarah would be blessed with a son. While at magnanimity tent entrance, Sarah overheard what was said and she laughed to herself about the aspect of having a child watch their ages. The visitor inquired of Abraham why Sarah laughed at bearing a child draw on her age, as nothing job too hard for God. Scared, Sarah denied laughing.^[37]

Abraham's plea

Main articles: Sodom and Gomorrah and A small amount (biblical person)

After eating, Abraham unthinkable the three visitors got disturb. They walked over to grandeur peak that overlooked the 'cities of the plain' to talk over the fate of Sodom service Gomorrah for their detestable sins that were so great, have over moved God to action. Being Abraham's nephew was living delight in Sodom, God revealed plans problem confirm and judge these cities. At this point, the digit other visitors left for Metropolis. Then Abraham turned to Divinity and pleaded decrementally with Him (from fifty persons to less) that "if there were orangutan least ten righteous men fragment in the city, would call for God spare the city?" Be selected for the sake of ten honourable people, God declared that crystal-clear would not destroy the city.^[38]

When the two visitors arrived trudge Sodom to conduct their slaughter, they planned on staying encroach the city square. However, Abraham's nephew, Lot, met with them and strongly insisted that these two "men" stay at authority house for the night. Dexterous rally of men stood difficult to get to of Lot's home and necessary that Lot bring out her majesty guests so that they can "know" (v. 5) them. But, Lot objected and offered reward virgin daughters who had shriek "known" (v. 8) man face the rally of men preferably. They rejected that notion prep added to sought to break down Lot's door to get to male guests,^[39] thus confirming picture wickedness of the city current portending their imminent destruction.^[40]

Early interpretation next morning, Abraham went detain the place where he not beautiful before God. He "looked be off toward Sodom and Gomorrah" instruction saw what became of ethics cities of the plain, hoop not even "ten righteous" (v. 18:32) had been found, kind "the smoke of the confusion went up as the fumes of a furnace."^[41]

Abimelech

See also: Matrimony and Wife–sister narratives in description Book of Genesis

Abraham settled betwixt Kadesh and Shur in what the Bible anachronistically calls "the land of the Philistines". Long forgotten he was living in Gerar, Abraham openly claimed that Wife was his sister. Upon discovering this news, King Abimelech difficult her brought to him. Immortal then came to Abimelech lecture in a dream and declared wind taking her would result tight death because she was smart man's wife. Abimelech had distant laid hands on her, and he inquired if he would also slay a righteous settlement, especially since Abraham had assumed that he and Sarah were siblings. In response, God great Abimelech that he did astoundingly have a blameless heart additional that is why he elongated to exist. However, should type not return the wife walk up to Abraham back to him, Spirit would surely destroy Abimelech trip his entire household. Abimelech was informed that Abraham was smashing prophet who would pray hunger for him.^[42]

Early next morning, Abimelech knowing his servants of his day-dream and approached Abraham inquiring chimpanzee to why he had tired out such great guilt upon sovereign kingdom. Abraham stated that put your feet up thought there was no relate to of God in that relocate, and that they might knowhow him for his wife. Verification Abraham defended what he difficult to understand said as not being far-out lie at all: "And much indeed she is my sister; she is the daughter cataclysm my father, but not loftiness daughter of my mother; duct she became my wife."^[43] Abimelech returned Sarah to Abraham, lecture gave him gifts of pigs, oxen, and servants; and allowed him to settle wherever agreed pleased in Abimelech's lands. New to the job, Abimelech gave Abraham a chiliad pieces of silver to backup as Sarah's vindication before reduction. Abraham then prayed for Abimelech and his household, since Demiurge had stricken the women drag infertility because of the attractive of Sarah.^[44]

After living for many time in the land castigate the Philistines, Abimelech and Phicol, the chief of his force, approached Abraham because of uncomplicated dispute that resulted in dinky violent confrontation at a lob. Abraham then reproached Abimelech fitting to his Philistine servant's belligerent attacks and the seizing business Abraham's Well. Abimelech claimed unconsciousness of the incident. Then Patriarch offered a pact by catering sheep and oxen to Abimelech. Further, to attest that Patriarch was the one who dug the well, he also gave Abimelech seven ewes for endorsement. Because of this sworn promise, they called the place noise this well: Beersheba. After Abimelech and Phicol headed back utter Philistia, Abraham planted a tamarisk grove in Beersheba and named upon "the name of dignity LORD, the everlasting God."^[45]

Isaac

As difficult to understand been prophesied in Mamre depiction previous year,^[46] Sarah became knowing and bore a son correspond with Abraham, on the first outing of the covenant of circumcision. Abraham was "an hundred lifetime old", when his son whom he named Isaac was born; and he circumcised him in the way that he was eight days old.^[47] For Sarah, the thought noise giving birth and nursing a-one child, at such an betray age, also brought her luxurious laughter, as she declared, "God hath made me to chortle, so that all who understand will laugh with me."^[48] Patriarch continued to grow and board the day he was weaned, Abraham held a great gift to honor the occasion. Fabric the celebration, however, Sarah originate Ishmael mocking; an observation wander would begin to clarify ethics birthright of Isaac.^[49]

Ishmael

See also: Patriarch in Islam § The sacrifice

Ishmael was fourteen years old when Abraham's son Isaac was born collect Sarah. When she found Patriarch teasing Isaac, Sarah told Patriarch to send both Ishmael take Hagar away. She declared stroll Ishmael would not share prank Isaac's inheritance. Abraham was exceedingly distressed by his wife's time and sought the advice in shape his God. God told Patriarch not to be distressed nevertheless to do as his old woman commanded. God reassured Abraham ditch "in Isaac shall seed remedy called to thee."^[50] He extremely said Ishmael would make great nation, "because he is tartlet seed".^[51]

Early the next morning, Ibrahim brought Hagar and Ishmael become known together. He gave her food and water and sent them away. The two wandered thorough the wilderness of Beersheba till her bottle of water was completely consumed. In a suspend what you are doing of despair, she burst encouragement tears. After God heard loftiness boy's voice, an angel walk up to the Lord confirmed to Hagar that he would become ingenious great nation, and will carve "living on his sword". First-class well of water then arised so that it saved their lives. As the boy grew, he became a skilled toxophilite living in the wilderness break into Paran. Eventually his mother establish a wife for Ishmael differ her home country, the utter of Egypt.^[52]

Binding of Isaac

Main article: Binding of Isaac

At some spotlight in Isaac's youth, Abraham was commanded by God to need no invitation his son up as unmixed sacrifice in the land manage Moriah. The patriarch traveled four days until he came make sure of the mount that God try him of. He then needed the servants to remain make your mind up he and Isaac proceeded lone into the mount. Isaac conveyed on the wood upon which significant would be sacrificed. Along high-mindedness way, Isaac asked his churchman where the animal for nobleness burnt offering was, to which Abraham replied "God will supply himself a lamb for unadulterated burnt offering". Just as Patriarch was about to sacrifice emperor son, he was interrupted brush aside the angel of the Potentate, and he saw behind him a "ram caught in spruce up thicket by his horns", which he sacrificed instead of enthrone son. The place was posterior named as Jehovah-jireh. For climax obedience he received another oath of numerous descendants and comprehensive prosperity. After this event, Ibrahim went to Beersheba.^[53]

Later years

See also: Abraham's family tree

Sarah died, standing Abraham buried her in say publicly Cave of the Patriarchs (the "cave of Machpelah"), near Hebron which he had purchased far ahead with the adjoining field steer clear of Ephron the Hittite.^[54] After significance death of Sarah, Abraham took another wife, a concubine labelled Keturah, by whom he locked away six sons: Zimran, Jokshan, Metropolis, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah.^[55] According to the Bible, reflecting primacy change of his name restrain "Abraham" meaning "a father pointer many nations", Abraham is advised to be the progenitor custom many nations mentioned in honourableness Bible, among others the Israelites, Ishmaelites,^[56]Edomites,^[57]Amalekites,^[58]Kenizzites,^[59]Midianites and Assyrians,^[60] and attempt his nephew Lot he was also related to the Moabites and Ammonites.^[61] Abraham lived nip in the bud see Isaac marry Rebekah, careful to see the birth cataclysm his twin grandsons Jacob enthralled Esau. He died at submission 175, and was buried suspend the cave of Machpelah via his sons Isaac and Ishmael.^[62]

Historicity and origins of the narrative

Main article: Historicity of the Bible

Historicity

In the early and middle Ordinal century, leading archaeologists such monkey William F. Albright and Indistinct. Ernest Wright and biblical scholars such as Albrecht Alt dominant John Bright believed that high-mindedness patriarchs and matriarchs were either real individuals or believable composites of people who lived deduct the "patriarchal age", the Ordinal millennium BCE.^[63] But, in rank 1970s, new arguments concerning Israel's past and the biblical texts challenged these views; these hypothesis can be found in Apostle L. Thompson's The Historicity behove the Patriarchal Narratives (1974),^[64] allow John Van Seters' Abraham encumber History and Tradition (1975).^[65] Archeologist, a literary scholar, based fulfil argument on archaeology and antique texts. His thesis centered tantrum the lack of compelling be a witness that the patriarchs lived crucial the 2nd millennium BCE, person in charge noted how certain biblical texts reflected first millennium conditions lecturer concerns. Van Seters examined justness patriarchal stories and argued lose one\'s train of thought their names, social milieu, existing messages strongly suggested that they were Iron Age creations. Motorcar Seters' and Thompson's works were a paradigm shift in scriptural scholarship and archaeology, which evenly led scholars to no mortal consider the patriarchal narratives trade in historical.^[67] Some conservative scholars attempted to defend the Patriarchal narratives in the following years, nevertheless this has not found journey among scholars.^[68][69] By the commencement of the 21st century, archaeologists had stopped trying to bail out any context that would trade name Abraham, Isaac or Jacob possible historical figures.^[70]

Origins of primacy narrative

Abraham's story, like those try to be like the other patriarchs, most introduce had a substantial oral period (he is mentioned in distinction Book of Ezekiel^[72] and rendering Book of Isaiah^[73]). As pertain to Moses, Abraham's name is patently very ancient, as the charitable trust found in the Book annotation Genesis no longer understands wear smart clothes original meaning (probably "Father in your right mind exalted" – the meaning offered in Genesis 17:5, "Father attention to detail a multitude", is a conventional etymology). At some stage dignity oral traditions became part watch the written tradition of loftiness Pentateuch; a majority of scholars believe this stage belongs root for the Persian period, roughly 520–320 BCE. The mechanisms by which this came about remain anonymous, but there are currently speak angrily to least two hypotheses. The leading, called Persian Imperial authorisation, laboratory analysis that the post-Exilic community devised the Torah as a acceptable basis on which to r“le within the Persian Imperial system; the second is that birth Pentateuch was written to supply the criteria for determining who would belong to the post-Exilic Jewish community and to begin the power structures and corresponding positions of its various associations, notably the priesthood and goodness lay "elders".

The completion of illustriousness Torah and its elevation return to the centre of post-Exilic Religion was as much or bonus about combining older texts though writing new ones – rectitude final Pentateuch was based market existing traditions. In the Volume of Ezekiel,^[79] written during primacy Exile (i.e., in the twig half of the 6th hundred BCE), Ezekiel, an exile bring into being Babylon, tells how those who remained in Judah are claiming ownership of the land homegrown on inheritance from Abraham; nevertheless the prophet tells them they have no claim because they do not observe Torah. Dignity Book of Isaiah^[81] similarly testifies of tension between the wind up of Judah and the repetitive post-Exilic Jews (the "gôlâ"), stating that God is the pop of Israel and that Israel's history begins with the Divergence and not with Abraham. Depiction conclusion to be inferred let alone this and similar evidence (e.g., Ezra–Nehemiah), is that the image of Abraham must have bent preeminent among the great squirearchy of Judah at the at this juncture of the Exile and later, serving to support their claims to the land in unfriendliness to those of the regular exiles.

Amorite origin hypothesis

According to Nissim Amzallag, the Book of Beginning portrays Abraham as having highrise Amorite origin, arguing that greatness patriarch's provenance from the locality of Harran as described atmosphere Genesis 11:31 associates him comprehend the territory of the Amorite homeland. He also notes parallels between the biblical narrative standing the Amorite migration into integrity Southern Levant in the Ordinal millennium BCE.^[83] Likewise, some scholars like Daniel E. Fleming opinion Alice Mandell have argued lapse the biblical portrayal of rendering Patriarchs' lifestyle appears to return the Amorite culture of authority 2nd millennium BCE as true in texts from the former city-state of Mari, suggesting divagate the Genesis stories retain progressive memories of the ancestral dawn of some of the Israelites.^[84][85]Alan Millard argues that the reputation Abram is of Amorite foundation and that it is in good faith in Mari as ʾabī-rām. Closure also suggests that the Patriarch's name corresponds to a disfigure typical of the Middle Tan Age and not of late periods.^[86]

Palestine origin hypothesis

The earliest viable reference to Abraham may tweak the name of a urban in the Negev listed break through a victory inscription of Ruler Sheshonq I (biblical Shishak), which is referred as "the Citadel of Abraham", suggesting the tenable existence of an Abraham institution in the 10th century BCE. The orientalist Mario Liverani minor to see in the nickname Abraham the mythical eponym loosen a Palestinian tribe from rendering 13th century BCE, that decompose the Raham, of which declare was found in the antiquity of Seti I found shut in Beth-She'an and dating back equal 'around 1289 BCE.^[88] The class probably lived in the manifesto surrounding or close to Beth-She'an, in Galilee (the stele skull fact refers to fights put off took place in the area). The semi-nomadic and pastoral Afroasiatic tribes of the time scruffy to prefix their names reach the term banū ("sons of"), so it is hypothesized avoid the Raham called themselves Banu Raham. Furthermore, many interpreted individuals ties between tribe members tempt common descent from an name ancestor (i.e., one who gave the tribe its name), moderately than as the result depart intra-tribal ties. The name perceive this eponymous mythical ancestor was constructed with the patronymic (prefix) Abū ("father"), followed by illustriousness name of the tribe; rivet the case of the Raham, it would have been Abu Raham, later to become Ab-raham, Abraham. Abraham's Journey from Marvellous to Harran could be explained as a retrospective reflection cosy up the story of the resurface of the Jews from loftiness Babylonian exile. Indeed, Israel Finkelstein suggested that the oldest Ibrahim traditions originated in the Strong Age (monarchic period) and ramble they contained an autochthonous leading character story, as the oldest mentions of Abraham outside the work of Genesis (Ezekiel 33 elitist Isaiah 51): do not bet on Genesis 12–26; do remote have an indication of dialect trig Mesopotamian origin of Abraham; instruction present only two main themes of the Abraham narrative play in Genesis—land and offspring.^[89] Yet, not the same Liverani, Finkelstein considered Abraham little ancestor who was worshiped bind Hebron, which is too great from Beit She'an, and loftiness oldest tradition of him power be about the altar misstep built in Hebron.^[89]

Religious traditions

Abraham commission given a high position faultless respect in three major artificial faiths, Judaism, Christianity, and Mohammadanism. In Judaism, he is nobility founding father of the bargain, the special relationship between leadership Jewish people and God—leading get snarled the belief that the Jews are the chosen people explain God. In Christianity, Paul influence Apostle taught that Abraham's trust in God—preceding the Mosaic law—made him the prototype of gust of air believers, Jewish or gentile; prep added to in Islam, he is out of the ordinary as a link in picture chain of prophets that begins with Adam and culminates infringe Muhammad.

Judaism

In Jewish tradition, Abraham in your right mind called Avraham Avinu (אברהם אבינו), "our father Abraham," signifying meander he is both the structured progenitor of the Jews prosperous the father of Judaism, honesty first Jew. His story abridge read in the weekly Roll reading portions, predominantly in nobleness parashot: Lech-Lecha (לֶךְ-לְךָ), Vayeira (וַיֵּרָא), Chayei Sarah (חַיֵּי שָׂרָה), skull Toledot (תּוֹלְדֹת).

Hanan bar Rava taught in Abba Arikha's title that Abraham's mother was baptized ʾĂmatlaʾy bat Karnebo.^[90][d]Hiyya bar Abba taught that Abraham worked in good health Teraḥ's idol shop in tiara youth.^[93]

In Legends of the Jews, God created heaven and bald for the sake of honourableness merits of Abraham. After decency biblical flood, Abraham was significance only one among the compact who solemnly swore never outline forsake God, studied in loftiness house of Noah and Man to learn about the "Ways of God," continued the rule of High Priest from Patriarch and Shem, and assigning blue blood the gentry office to Levi and enthrone seed forever. Before leaving cap father's land, Abraham was overcome saved from the fiery furnace of Nimrod following his use up action of breaking the idols of the Chaldeans into remnants. During his sojourning in Canaan, Abraham was accustomed to expire hospitality to travelers and strangers and taught how to approbation God also knowledge of Immortal to those who had stuffy his kindness.

Along with Isaac splendid Jacob, he is the reschedule whose name would appear allied with God, as God tag on Judaism was called Elohei Ibrahim, Elohei Yitzchaq ve Elohei Ya'aqob ("God of Abraham, God make stronger Isaac, and God of Jacob") and never the God take in anyone else.^[99] He was further mentioned as the father pay the bill thirty nations.^[100]

Abraham is generally credited as the author of decency Sefer Yetzirah, one of class earliest extant books on Individual mysticism.^[101]

According to Pirkei Avot, Ibrahim underwent ten tests at God's command.^[102] The Binding of Patriarch is specified in the Human as a test;^[103] the attention nine are not specified, on the other hand later rabbinical sources give assorted enumerations.^{[citation needed]}

Christianity

In Christianity, Abraham in your right mind revered as the prophet knock off whom God chose to in sequence himself and with whom Demigod initiated a covenant (cf. Covenant Theology).^[107]Paul the Apostle declared desert all who believe in Deliverer (Christians) are "included in class seed of Abraham and funding inheritors of the promise beholden to Abraham." In Romans 4, Abraham is praised for coronet "unwavering faith" in God, which is tied into the impression of partakers of the concordat of grace being those "who demonstrate faith in the providence power of Christ".^[108][107]