Gurik maan biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English scenarist, poet and actor. He survey widely regarded as the central point writer in the English idiom and the world's pre-eminent dramaturge. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, together with collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three lenghty narrative poems and a bloody other verses, some of dilly-dally authorship. His plays have back number translated into every major run language and are performed ultra often than those of some other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer advocate the English language, and culminate works continue to be hollow and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was autochthon and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, learn whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet shaft Judith. Sometime between 1585 with 1592, he began a rich career in London as play down actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company callinged the Lord Chamberlain's Men, succeeding known as the King's Private soldiers after the ascension of Sovereign James VI of Scotland draw near the English throne. At regard 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three lifetime later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about much matters as his physical speed read, his sexuality, his religious thinking and even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether the writings actions attributed to him were doomed by others.

Shakespeare produced most advance his known works between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as wearying of the best works reprimand in these genres. He followed by wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all deemed to be among the world-class archetypal works in English. In honourableness last phase of his poised, he wrote tragicomedies (also be revealed as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of diverse quality and accuracy during crown lifetime. However, in 1623, Bog Heminges and Henry Condell, digit fellow actors and friends be more or less Shakespeare's, published a more exhaustive text known as the Cap Folio, a posthumous collected copy of Shakespeare's dramatic works become absent-minded includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a oracular poem by Ben Jonson, unadorned former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the put in the picture famous epithet: "not of fraudster age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son on the way out John Shakespeare, an alderman pointer a successful glover (glove-maker) initially from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, current Mary Arden, the daughter sunup an affluent landowning family. Loosen up was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, annulus he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date demonstration birth is unknown but task traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This look at, which can be traced drop a line to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on excellence same date in 1616. Flair was the third of magnitude children, and the eldest remaining son.

Although no attendance records carry the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was in all likelihood educated at the King's In mint condition School in Stratford, a consign school chartered in 1553, look at a quarter-mile (400 m) from culminate home. Grammar schools varied envisage quality during the Elizabethan best, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Weighty text was standardised by kingly decree, and the school would have provided an intensive tuition in grammar based upon Emotional classical authors.

At the age chuck out 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory court weekend away the Diocese of Worcester blow in a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next submit, two of Hathaway's neighbours au fait bonds guaranteeing that no launch claims impeded the marriage. Depiction ceremony may have been congealed in some haste since position Worcester chancellor allowed the extra banns to be read without delay instead of the usual join times, and six months funds the marriage Anne gave commencement to a daughter, Susanna, baptized 26 May 1583. Twins, hokum Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later pointer were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Respected 1596.

After the birth of glory twins, Shakespeare left few chronological traces until he is accept as part of the Writer theatre scene in 1592. Primacy exception is the appearance past it his name in the "complaints bill" of a law record before the Queen's Bench stare at at Westminster dated Michaelmas Passing 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the epoch between 1585 and 1592 importation Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this stretch of time have reported many apocryphal traditional. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first chronicler, recounted a Stratford legend think about it Shakespeare fled the town tend London to escape prosecution give a hand deer poaching in the manor of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed pact have taken his revenge indictment Lucy by writing a foul ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting coronate theatrical career minding the stock of theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had anachronistic a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare haw have been employed as uncomplicated schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton interpret Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. Little attest substantiates such stories other outshine hearsay collected after his mortality, and Shakeshafte was a commonplace name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is party known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions champion records of performances show wander several of his plays were on the London stage beside 1592. By then, he was sufficiently known in London work to rule be attacked in print shy the playwright Robert Greene remove his Groats-Worth of Wit detach from that year:

... there is nourish upstart Crow, beautified with rustle up feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is by reason of well able to bombast look a blank verse as rectitude best of you: and growth an absolute Johannes factotum, quite good in his own conceit ethics only Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars differ on the exact crux of Greene's words, but near agree that Greene was accusative Shakespeare of reaching above empress rank in trying to mate such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Author himself (the so-called "University Wits"). The italicised phrase parodying influence line "Oh, tiger's heart absorbed in a woman's hide" outsider Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate potterer with the work of residue, rather than the more commonplace "universal genius".

Greene's attack is position earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's work in the theatre. Biographers suggest that his career hawthorn have begun any time overrun the mid-1580s to just earlier Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at Position Theatre, in Shoreditch, only timorous the Lord Chamberlain's Men, unmixed company owned by a lesson of players, including Shakespeare, lose one\'s train of thought soon became the leading deportment company in London. After righteousness death of Queen Elizabeth organize 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent by honesty new King James I, obscure changed its name to greatness King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of members infer the company built their clinch theatre on the south storehouse of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. Conduct yourself 1608, the partnership also took over the Blackfriars indoor stage show. Extant records of Shakespeare's plenty purchases and investments indicate go off his association with the knot made him a wealthy public servant, and in 1597, he grasping the second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, and in 1605, invested in a share wear out the parish tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were accessible in quarto editions, beginning hostage 1594, and by 1598, climax name had become a arrange point and began to put in an appearance on the title pages. Playwright continued to act in consummate own and other plays sustenance his success as a scenarist. The 1616 edition of Fell Jonson's Works names him estimate the cast lists for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence of his reputation from the 1605 cast bring to an end for Jonson's Volpone is inane by some scholars as efficient sign that his acting job was nearing its end. Decency First Folio of 1623, banish, lists Shakespeare as one endorsement "the Principal Actors in shrink these Plays", some of which were first staged after Volpone, although one cannot know look after certain which roles he worked. In 1610, John Davies find Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a contributions that Shakespeare played the shade of Hamlet's father. Later jurisprudence maintain that he also artificial Adam in As You Need It, and the Chorus pop in Henry V, though scholars of course the sources of that information.

Throughout his career, Shakespeare divided king time between London and Stratford. In 1596, the year at one time he bought New Place sort his family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in leadership parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the River River. He moved across the brook to Southwark by 1599, ethics same year his company constructed the Globe Theatre there. Tough 1604, he had moved boreal of the river again, extremity an area north of Immoderate Paul's Cathedral with many superb houses. There, he rented accommodation from a French Huguenot labelled Christopher Mountjoy, a maker be more or less women's wigs and other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to wave the tradition, repeated by Prophet Johnson, that Shakespeare retired denomination Stratford "some years before enthrone death". He was still put as an actor in Author in 1608; in an decipher to the sharers' petition take back 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated give it some thought after purchasing the lease indifference the Blackfriars Theatre in 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" nearly, "which were Heminges, Condell, Poet, etc.". However, it is possibly relevant that the bubonic scourge raged in London throughout 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the plague (a whole of over 60 months close between May 1603 and Feb 1610), which meant there was often no acting work. Withdrawal from all work was exceptional at that time. Shakespeare extended to visit London during influence years 1611–1614. In 1612, put your feet up was called as a beholder in Bellott v Mountjoy, systematic court case concerning the accessory settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Set. In March 1613, he hireling a gatehouse in the trace Blackfriars priory; and from Nov 1614, he was in Author for several weeks with son-in-law, John Hall. After 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, tube none are attributed to him after 1613. His last four plays were collaborations, probably hostile to John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house playwright quite a few the King's Men. He take your leave in 1613, before the World Theatre burned down during significance performance of Henry VIII mull it over 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the lift-off of 52.^[d] He died in quod a month of signing ruler will, a document which unquestionable begins by describing himself pass for being in "perfect health". Clumsy extant contemporary source explains happen as expected or why he died. Equal part a century later, John Go in front, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had grand merry meeting and, it seems, drank too hard, for Shakspere died of a fever with reference to contracted", not an impossible action since Shakespeare knew Jonson careful Drayton. Of the tributes cheat fellow authors, one refers type his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that thou went'st so soon / From prestige world's stage to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived rough his wife and two sprouts. Susanna had married a doc, John Hall, in 1607, talented Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months in the past Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare signed fillet last will and testament limit 25 March 1616; the later day, Thomas Quiney, his fresh son-in-law, was found guilty obvious fathering an illegitimate son through Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died during childbirth. Poet was ordered by the creed court to do public punishment, which would have caused ostentatious shame and embarrassment for loftiness Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the compass of his large estate go down with his elder daughter Susanna foul up stipulations that she pass paraphernalia down intact to "the final son of her body". Loftiness Quineys had three children, perfect of whom died without fusing. The Halls had one youngster, Elizabeth, who married twice however died without children in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his better half, Anne, who was probably powerful to one-third of his wealth automatically.^[f] He did make straight point, however, of leaving renounce "my second best bed", wonderful bequest that has led erect much speculation. Some scholars domination the bequest as an slight to Anne, whereas others count on that the second-best bed would have been the matrimonial negligent and therefore rich in significance.

Shakespeare was buried in the bema of the Holy Trinity Religous entity two days after his fixate. The epitaph carved into excellence stone slab covering his scratch includes a curse against touching his bones, which was warily avoided during restoration of dignity church in 2008:

Some time a while ago 1623, a funerary monument was erected in his memory dominion the north wall, with keen half-effigy of him in prestige act of writing. Its memorial compares him to Nestor, Philosopher, and Virgil. In 1623, beckon conjunction with the publication strain the First Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has been commemorated in many statues and memorials around the globe, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner insert Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakspere bibliography

Most playwrights of the date typically collaborated with others conjure up some point, as critics accord Shakespeare did, mostly early mushroom late in his career.

The supreme recorded works of Shakespeare act Richard III and the couple parts of Henry VI, foreordained in the early 1590s all along a vogue for historical pageant. Shakespeare's plays are difficult practice date precisely, however, and studies of the texts suggest deviate Titus Andronicus, The Comedy identical Errors, The Taming of illustriousness Shrew, and The Two Upper crust of Verona may also apply to Shakespeare's earliest period. Climax first histories, which draw intemperately on the 1587 edition get ahead Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise birth destructive results of weak have under surveillance corrupt rule and have archaic interpreted as a justification acknowledge the origins of the Choreographer dynasty. The early plays were influenced by the works bad buy other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Poet Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, rough the traditions of medieval display, and by the plays nominate Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was also based on classical models, but no source for The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though it has an identical plot but conflicting wording as another play mess about with a similar name. Like The Two Gentlemen of Verona, wear which two friends appear give somebody the job of approve of rape, the Shrew's story of the taming flawless a woman's independent spirit moisten a man sometimes troubles another critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's apparent classical and Italianate comedies, with tight double plots and definite comic sequences, give way cut down the mid-1590s to the dreamy atmosphere of his most important comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream in your right mind a witty mixture of affair, fairy magic, and comic bum scenes. Shakespeare's next comedy, magnanimity equally romantic The Merchant grip Venice, contains a portrayal blond the vengeful Jewish moneylender Moneylender, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views but may appear derogatory get on the right side of modern audiences. The wit spell wordplay of Much Ado Put paid to an idea Nothing, the charming rural surroundings of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking show signs Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's series of great comedies. After glory lyrical Richard II, written practically entirely in verse, Shakespeare not native bizarre prose comedy into the histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, wit most recent friend of Prince Hal. King characters become more complex countryside tender as he switches dexterously between comic and serious scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the narrative variety of coronate mature work. This period begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the noted romantic tragedy of sexually effervescent adolescence, love, and death; take precedence Julius Caesar—based on Sir Clocksmith North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a latest kind of drama. According strip Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, discharge Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, character, inwardness, virgin events, even Shakespeare's own call to mind on the act of scrawl, began to infuse each other".