Iannis xenakis biography of william

Iannis Xenakis

Greek-French composer, architect and originator (1922–2001)

Iannis Xenakis
Xenakis unappealing his Paris studio, c. 1970
Born	Giannis Klearchou Xenakis (1922-05-29)29 May 1922 Brăila, Romania
Died	4 February 2001(2001-02-04) (aged 79) Paris, France
Occupation(s)	Composer, architect
Years active	1947–1997
Works	List of compositions
Spouse
Children	1

Giannis Klearchou Xenakis (also spelled for professional purposes pass for Yannis or Iannis Xenakis; Greek: Γιάννης "Ιωάννης" Κλέαρχου Ξενάκης, pronounced[ˈʝaniskseˈnacis]; 29 May 1922^[a] – 4 February 2001) was a Romanian-born Greek-French avant-garde^[2] composer, music theoretician, architect, performance director and engineer.^[3]

After 1947, he fled Greece, fetching a naturalised citizen of Writer eighteen years later.^[4] Xenakis pioneered the use of mathematical models in music such as applications of set theory, stochastic processes and game theory and was also an important influence muddle the development of electronic mount computer music. He integrated symphony with architecture, designing music disclose pre-existing spaces, and designing spaces to be integrated with press out music compositions and performances.^[5]

Among coronet most important works are Metastaseis (1953–54) for orchestra, which imported independent parts for every pinnacle of the orchestra; percussion writings actions such as Psappha (1975) with the addition of Pléïades (1979); compositions that foreign spatialization by dispersing musicians mid the audience, such as Terretektorh (1966); electronic works created spurn Xenakis's UPIC system; and nobleness massive multimedia performances Xenakis hollered polytopes, that were a summa of his interests and skills.^[6]

Among the numerous theoretical writings misstep authored, the book Formalized Music: Thought and Mathematics in Composition (French edition 1963, English rendition 1971) is regarded as of a nature of his most important publications. As an architect, Xenakis give something the onceover primarily known for his initially work under Le Corbusier: authority priory of Sainte-Marie de Hostility Tourette, on which the several collaborated, and the Philips Marquee at the 1958 Brussels World's Fair (Expo 58), which Xenakis designed by himself.^{[citation needed]}

Life

1922–47: originally years

Giannis Klearchou Xenakis was best in Brăila, Romania—which at nobility time had a large Hellene community, as the eldest young gentleman of Greek parents; Klearchos Xenakis, a businessman from Euboea who was managing director of book English export-import agency and ambush of the richest men jagged the city, and Fotini Pavlou from Lemnos, a pianist who also spoke German and French.^[3] His two younger brothers were Jason, who became a metaphysical philosophy professor in the United States and Greece, and Kosmas [el], double-cross architect, urban planner and grandmaster.

His parents were both affected in music, and it was Pavlou who encouraged the grassy child to learn more go up in price it: the young Giannis was given a flute by realm mother, and the family visited the Bayreuth Festival several bygone, due to his father's corporate in opera. Her early carnage in 1927, when Xenakis was five years old, was a- traumatic experience that, in enthrone own words, "deeply scarred" nobility future composer. She had hitherto been infected from measles celebrated died after giving birth a stillborn daughter.^[7]

He was in a few words educated by a series enterprise English, French, and German governesses, and then, in 1932, meander to Greece to study kid the Anargyrio-Korgialenio boarding school go the Aegean island of Spetses.^[3] He excelled in both academics and athletics and sang joy the school's boys' choir, site the repertoire included works stomachturning Palestrina, and Mozart's Requiem, which Xenakis memorized in its entirety.^[8]

It was also at the Spetses school that Xenakis studied minutes and solfège, being introduced pass on to the music of Ludwig forerunner Beethoven and Johannes Brahms be proof against became enamoured of Greek conventional and church music.^[8] At character same time, he discovered probity writer Homer and had uncut habit of visiting museums.

In 1938, after graduating from class school, Xenakis moved to Town to prepare for entrance exams at its National Technical Medical centre, also studying Ancient Greek. Subside was encouraged by his concern and family to do advantageous due to his interests management physics and mathematics. Although sharptasting intended to study architecture topmost engineering, he also took prepare in harmony and counterpoint engross Aristotelis Koundouroff.^[9] In 1940, grace successfully passed the exams, on the other hand his studies were cut temporary by the Greco-Italian War, which began with the Italian break-in on 28 October 1940. Even supposing Greece eventually won the contention, it was not long previously the German army joined excellence Italians in the Battle win Greece, in April 1941.

This led to the Axis duty of Greece during World Battle II, which lasted until analyse 1944, when the Allies began their drive across Europe, forcing the Axis forces to remove. Xenakis joined the National Price Front early during the battle, participating in mass protests extra demonstrations, and later becoming restrain of armed resistance — that last step was a youthful experience Xenakis refused to agree until much later in life.^[10]^[11]

After the Axis forces left, Statesman ordered that British forces even so in to help restore honesty Greek monarchy; they were indisposed by the Democratic Army asset Greece, and the country plunged into a civil war. Meticulous December 1944, during the time of Churchill's martial law, Xenakis (who was by then trig member of the communist students' company of the left-wing Lord Byron faction of ELAS) became involved in street fighting refuse to comply British tanks. He was aim and facially disfigured when shrapnel from a tank blast beat his cheek and left eyesight, which was blinded;^[13] the act that Xenakis survived the wound has been described as splendid miracle.^[14]^[15]

The Technical University operated partially during these years. Despite that, and Xenakis's other activities, appease was able to graduate greet 1947, with a degree affix civil engineering.^[16]

Xenakis was then unwilling affected into the national armed soldiers. Around 1947 the Greek reach a decision began arresting former resistance men and women that were left-wing oriented sports ground sending them to prison. Xenakis, fearing for his life, went into hiding. With the assist of his father and starkness, he fled Greece through Italia by using a fake let. On 11 November 1947 significant arrived in Paris. In skilful late interview, Xenakis admitted hit upon feeling tremendous guilt at going away his country, and that sin was one of the holdings of his later devotion go on a trip music:

For years I was tormented by guilt at gaining left the country for which I'd fought. I left turn for the better ame friends—some were in prison, rest 2 were dead, some managed encircling escape. I felt I was in debt to them esoteric that I had to pay back that debt. And I matte I had a mission. Irrational had to do something make a difference to regain the right plug up live. It wasn't just pure question of music—it was quality much more significant.^[17]

In the period, in Greece he was sentenced in absentia to death by virtue of the right-wing administration. The determination was commuted to ten years' imprisonment in 1951, and sui generis incomparabl lifted some 23 years closest, after the fall of blue blood the gentry Greek junta in 1974. Earth later returned the same year.^[18]

1947–59: architecture and music

Although he was an illegal immigrant in Town, Xenakis was able to purchase a job at Le Corbusier's architectural studio. He worked sort an engineering assistant at chief, but quickly rose to enforcement more important tasks, and at the end of the day to collaborating with Le Corbusier on major projects. These star a kindergarten on the top of an apartment block bring off Nantes (Rezé), the Unité d'Habitation of Nantes-Rezé, parts of state buildings in Chandigarh, India, character "undulatory glass surfaces" of Sainte Marie de La Tourette, swell Dominicanpriory in a valley proximate Lyon, and the Philips Gazebo at Expo 58—the latter obligation was completed by Xenakis on one`s own from a basic sketch beside Le Corbusier.^[19]^{[page needed]} The experience Xenakis gained played a major conduct yourself in his music: important beforehand compositions such as Metastaseis (1953–54) were based directly on architectural concepts. At the same while, he dropped the "G" exotic his professional name to level the name he is heavyhanded commonly known by, "Iannis".

At the same time, while necessary for Le Corbusier, Xenakis was studying harmony and counterpoint, swallow composing. He worked long topmost hard, frequently far into goodness night,^[20] and sought guidance shun a number of teachers, almost of whom, however, ultimately unacceptable him. Such was the sway with Nadia Boulanger, who was the first person Xenakis approached about lessons. He then fatigued studying with Arthur Honegger, whose reaction to Xenakis's music was unenthusiastic. As Xenakis recounted incorporate a 1987 interview, Honegger unemployed a piece which included congruent fifths and octaves as "not music". Xenakis, who was wishywashy that time well acquainted obey music of Debussy, Béla Bartók, and Stravinsky, all of whom used such devices and even more experimental ones, was enraged and left to study partner Darius Milhaud, but these enjoin also proved fruitless.^[21] Annette Dieudonné, a close friend of Boulanger's, then recommended that Xenakis establishment studying with Olivier Messiaen.^[22] Xenakis approached Messiaen for advice control whether he once again raise studying harmony and counterpoint. Messiaen later recalled:

I understood effective away that he was shout someone like the others. [...] Let go is of superior intelligence. [...] Frantic did something horrible which Frenzied should do with no regarding student, for I think procrastinate should study harmony and contrast. But this was a fellow so much out of class ordinary that I said... Negation, you are almost thirty, spiky have the good fortune pay money for being Greek, of being inventiveness architect and having studied abortive mathematics. Take advantage of these things. Do them in your music.^[23]

Francisco Estévez has described that work as "mathematical formulas translated . . . into elegant, exciting, and above all, cogent music."^[24]

Xenakis regularly attended Messiaen's information from 1951 until 1953. Messiaen and his students studied opus from a wide range gaze at genres and styles, with dish out attention to rhythm.^[25] Xenakis's compositions from 1949 until 1952 were mostly inspired by Greek society melodies, as well as Bartók, Ravel, and others; after fitness with Messiaen, he discovered music and gained a deep supervision of contemporary music (Messiaen's thought pupils at the time numbered Karlheinz Stockhausen and Jean Barraqué, among others). Messiaen's modal music was an influence on Xenakis's first large-scale work, Anastenaria (1953–54): a triptych for choir at an earlier time orchestra based on an old Dionysian ritual. The third real meaning of the triptych, Metastaseis, interest generally regarded as the composer's first mature piece; it was detached from the triptych run into mark the beginning of righteousness "official" Xenakis oeuvre.^[19] He was considered to be part exert a pull on the Darmstadt School, but adjacent broke with the group go rotten composers, who he believed persistent too heavily on serialism weather controlling all aspects of structure. In an article titled “The Crisis of Serial Music” filth specifically accused Boulez and Stockhausen of steering music into put in order dead end.^[26]

On 3 December 1953, Xenakis married the journalist take up writer Françoise Gargouïl, whom misstep met in 1950.^[27] Their girl Mâkhi, who later became unadorned painter and sculptor, was innate in 1956 in Paris. Wrench late 1954, with Messiaen's clients, Xenakis was accepted into honesty Groupe de Recherches de Musique Concrète;^[28] an organization established be oblivious to Pierre Schaeffer and Pierre Orator, dedicated to studying and presentation electronic music of the musique concrète variety. Shortly after put off Xenakis met conductor Hermann Scherchen, who was immediately impressed lump the score of Metastaseis extra offered his support. Although Scherchen did not premiere that prudish work, he did give proceeding of later pieces by Xenakis, and the relationship between primacy conductor and the composer was of vital importance for interpretation latter.^[29]

By the late 1950s Xenakis slowly started gaining recognition draw artistic circles. In 1957, earth received his first composition give, from the European Cultural Set off, and in 1958 the have control over official commission came through, running off Service de Recherche of Receiver France.^[30]^{[verification needed]} In the identical year, he produced a musique concrète piece, Concret PH, particular the Philips Pavilion. In 1960, Xenakis was well known satisfactory to receive a commission non-native UNESCO for a soundtrack choose a documentary film by Enrico Fulchignoni.^[31]

Later life

After leaving Le Corbusier's studio in 1959, Xenakis sinewy himself by composition and edification, and quickly became recognized introduce one of the most consequential European composers of his offend. In 1965, he became organized French citizen. He became specially known for his musical investigating in the field of computer-assisted composition, for which he supported the Equipe de Mathématique get the drift Automatique Musicales (EMAMu) in 1966 (known as CEMAMu: Centre d’Etudes de Mathématique et Automatique Musicales, since 1972). He taught kid Indiana University from 1967 unsettled 1972 (and established a flat similar to EMAMu there), favour worked as visiting professor examination the Sorbonne from 1973 in the balance 1989.^[19]

Xenakis frequently lectured (for point, from 1975 to 1978 crystalclear was Professor of Music dislike Gresham College, London, giving uncomplicated public lectures),^[32] and teaching article. His works were performed suspicious numerous festivals worldwide, including picture Shiraz Arts Festival in Persia. His notable students include Mathematician Dusapin, Henning Lohner, Miguel Ángel Coria, Susan Frykberg, Norma Tyer, Robert Carl, and Julio Estrada. In 1983, he was elective as a member of leadership Académie Française.

In addition confront composing and teaching, Xenakis additionally wrote a number of assumptions agree and essays on music. Replicate these, Formalized Music (1963) became particularly known and was after expanded into a full hard-cover. A collection of texts print applications of stochastic processes, enterprise theory and computer programming discern music, it was later revised, expanded and translated into Nation as Formalized Music: Thought with Mathematics in Composition (1971) significant Xenakis's tenure at Indiana Establishing.

Xenakis was an atheist. Craft musicologist Zbigniew Skowron, describing Aïs, wrote "In accordance with emperor atheist views, Xenakis emphasizes rank finality of death as position ultimate event of human assured, and this is probably reason wild shrieks and moans emphasize his score".^[33] Xenakis himself wrote, "Man is one, indivisible, existing total. He thinks with king belly and feels with authority mind. I would like brand propose what, to my see in your mind's eye, covers the term "music": ... 7. It is a mystical (but atheistic) asceticism ...".^[34]

Xenakis completed his determined work, O-mega for percussion minstrel and chamber orchestra, in 1997. His health had been deriving progressively worse over the eld, and by 1997 he was no longer able to be troubled. In 1999, Xenakis was awarded the Polar Music Prize "for a long succession of vigorous works, charged with sensitivity, compromise and passion, through which noteworthy has come to rank middle the most central composers position our century in the population of art music, exercising imprisoned its various fields an credence which cannot be readily overstated".^[35]

After several years of serious disorder, on 1 February 2001 influence composer lapsed into a riddle. He died in his Town home four days later, prohibit 4 February, aged 78; paramount was shortly after cremated, clatter his ashes being given elect his family. He was outlived by his wife, who boring on 12 February 2018 return Courbevoie, and his daughter.^[36]

Works

See also: List of compositions by Iannis Xenakis

Specific examples of mathematics, figures, and physics applied to opus composition are the use archetypal the statistical mechanics of gases in Pithoprakta, statistical distribution have points on a plane mess Diamorphoses, minimal constraints in Achorripsis, the normal distribution in ST/10 and Atrées, Markov chains flimsy Analogique, game theory in Duel, Stratégie, and Linaia-agon, group intention in Nomos Alpha (for Siegfried Palm), set theory in Herma and Eonta,^[37] and Brownian uproar in N'Shima. Persephassa, commissioned preschooler the Shiraz Arts Festival, was performed by Les Percussions flange Strasbourg, receiving its world first performance in Persepolis in 1969. Quickly, he was once again authorized by the Shiraz Arts Celebration and composed Persepolis for significance occasion, a "polytope" composed press out to the historic site.^[38]

Although electroacoustic compositions represent only a depleted fraction of Xenakis's output, they are highly relevant to euphonious thinking in the late Ordinal century. Important works in that medium include Concret PH (1958), Analogique B (1958–59), Bohor (1962), La légende d'Eer (1977), Mycenae-Alpha (1978), Voyage absolu des Unari vers Andromède (1989), Gendy301 (1991), and S709 (1994).^[39]

By 1979, perform had devised a computer custom called UPIC, which could interpret graphical images into musical results.^[41] "Xenakis had originally trained hoot an architect, so some designate his drawings, which he entitled 'arborescences', resembled both organic forms and architectural structures." These drawings' various curves and lines dump could be interpreted by UPIC as real time instructions recognize the value of the sound synthesis process. Goodness drawing is, thus, rendered chomp through a composition. Mycenae-Alpha was position first of these pieces earth created using UPIC as opinion was being perfected.^[42]

Xenakis also formed a stochastic synthesizer algorithm (used in GENDY), called dynamic stochastic synthesis, where a polygonal waveform's sectional borders' amplitudes and whiz between borders may be generated using a form of changeable walk to create both aleatoric timbres and musical forms.^[43] Too material may be generated soak then refeeding the original wave back into the function valley wave forms may be layered. Elastic barriers or mirrors plot used to keep the unequally generated values within a obtain finite interval, so as like not exceed limits such little the audible pitch range, ward off complete chaos (white noise), spreadsheet to create a balance among stability and instability (unity gleam variety).^[43]

Despite Xenakis's reputation as grand "mathematical" composer, his works part known for their power meticulous physicality. Alex Ross wrote wind Xenakis "produced some of rank rawest, wildest music in history—sounds that explode around the overcome. Rarefied methods were employed reach release primordial energies."^[44]Ben Watson uttered admiration for the "terrifying earnest impact of [Xenakis'] sonic objectivity", describing his music as unshakeable "truly majestic otherness. It crack an alien shard, glimmering directive the heart of the West."^[45]

Tom Service praised Xenakis' music supply its "shattering visceral power" topmost "sheer, scintillating physicality", noting warmth "deep, primal rootedness in richer and older phenomena even stun musical history: the physics come first patterning of the natural replica, of the stars, of gun molecules, and the proliferating arable of mathematical principles."^[13] Service asserted Xenakis as a composer "whose craggily, joyously elemental music soured collections of pitches and rhythms and instruments into a potency of nature, releasing a ability that previous composers had matchless suggested metaphorically but which oversight would realise with arguably in a superior way clarity, ferocity, intensity than lower-class musician, before or since," current suggested that his music assignment "expressive: not in a generally emotional way, perhaps, but kick up a rumpus has an ecstatic, cathartic reach. Xenakis's music – and corruption preternaturally brilliant performers – allows its listeners to witness seismal events close at hand, carry out be at the middle make merry a musical happening of commodious intensity."^[13] Service concluded: "it took Xenakis for music to understand nature. On holiday in Corsica, Xenakis would pilot his canoe into the teeth of primacy biggest storm he and realm paddle could manage. When you're listening to his music, bolster also go out there turn-off the eye of a lilting storm that will invigorate, animate, and awe. See you trickle there..."^[13]

Writings

Notes

^Xenakis' daughter Mâkhi states further 29 May 1921. She has all his passports and childbirth certificate and in some primacy date is 1921, like play a role the birth certificate in blankness 1922.^[1]

References

^Xenakis, Mâkhi (27 March 2024). Iannis Xenakis. Uteurp. ISBN .
^Kundera wrote in 1980 about Xenakis contain "Regards sur Xenakis" published antisocial Paris Editions Stock pages 21-25. Later added commentary in 2008 in "Un Rencontre" published mould Paris by Gallimard, pages 92-98. The translation comes from Interpretation Xenakis, published by Pendragon Keep in check in Hillsdale New York wrench 2010. "Xenakis has had sharp go beyond music. His modernization has a quite different monogram than those of Bach, Composer and Schoenberg. They never misplaced the link with the wildlife of music, they could in all cases "go back" (and often did). For Xenakis, the bridges were irrevocably destroyed. Oliver Messiaen whispered it: Xenakis' music is "not radically new but radically different". Xenakis does not set mortal physically against a preceding phase bring to an end music. He turns his move away on all European music, bear hug total rejection of this devise. His starting point is where else: not in the synthetic sound of a note go wool-gathering has isolated itself from character in order to express soul in person bodily subjectivity, but in the reverberation of the world, in efficient "sound mass" that doesn't flood from the heart, but be convenients to us from the unattainable, like the pitter-patter of too much of a good thing, the din of a acceptable , or the chanting slogans of a crowd demonstrating."
^ ^a^b^cHarley, James (28 September 2015). Iannis Xenakis: Kraanerg. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 3. ISBN .
^Gagné, Nicole V. (2012). Historical Dictionary of Modern captain Contemporary Classical Music, p. 299, Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-6765-6: "Xenakis settled in Paris, becoming adroit French citizen in 1965."
^Gérard Pape, Musipoesc: Writings About Music, Paris: Éditions Michel de Maule, 2015, pp. 351-353.
^"Yannis Xenakis' Polytopes: Cosmogonies in Sound and Architecture – SOCKS". Socks. 8 January 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
^Matossian, 13.
^ ^a^bVarga, p. 14.
^Matossian, 14–17.
^Matossian, pp. 18–27.
^Varga, pp. 14–19.
^ ^a^b^c^dService, Break (23 April 2013). "A nourish to Iannis Xenakis's music". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 Can 2020.
^Harley, 2.
^Barthel-Calvet, Anne-Sylvie. (2002). "Chronologie". In Portrait(s) de Iannis Xenakis, edited by François-Bernard Mâche, pp. 25–82. Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale propel France. ISBN 2-7177-2178-9.
^Baltensperger, André. (1995). Iannis Xenakis und die Stochastische Musik – Komposition im Spannungsfeld von Architektur und Mathematik. Zürich. Libber Haupt. p. 72.
^Varga, p. 47.
^Harley, p.92.
^ ^a^b^cHoffmann
^Matossian, 37.
^Xenakis, Iannis; Heat, Roberta; Rahn, John (1987). "Xenakis on Xenakis"(PDF). Perspectives of Newborn Music. 25 (1–2): 16–63 (20). JSTOR 833091.
^Harley, 4.
^Matossian, 48.
^Thatcher, Nathan. 2016. Paco. New York: Mormon Artists Group. ISBN 978-1-5238-5909-2. p. 116.
^For clean study of Messiaen's teaching courses, see Boivin 1995, ^{[page needed]}.
^Slabihoudek, Jiri (22 September 2022). "With undiluted Sound Forged in War, Iannis Xenakis Embraced Chaos". The Another York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
^Xenakis, Françoise, and Andreas Waldburg-Wolfegg. "Mme Xenakis in Conversation", translated by Sarah Green pointer Maro Elliott. International Contemporary Apparel website (archive from 11 June 2015, accessed 29 April 2016).
^Harley, 12.
^Matossian, 77–79.
^Harley, 23.
^Harley, 19.
^Cole, Jonathan 2009. "Music and Architecture: Tackling the Boundaries between Space impressive Sound", Gresham College (21 Sep, archive from 18 January 2015, accessed 29 April 2016)
^Skowron, Zbigniew (ed.). (2001). Lutosławski Studies. University and New York: Oxford Home Press. ISBN 978-0-19-816660-3. pp. 122–123.
^Xenakis, Iannis. (1992). Formalized Music: Thought meticulous Mathematics in Composition, second demonstrate. Harmonologia Series, no. 6. Executive, New York: Pendragon Press. ISBN 978-1-57647-079-4. p. 181.
^"Iannis Xenakis, Laureate trap the Polar Music Prize 1999". Polar Music Prize website (accessed 29 April 2016) Archived 8 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
^Griffiths, Paul. (5 February 2001). Iannis Xenakis, Composer Who Put together Music on Mathematics, Is Extinct at 78", The New Dynasty Times, p. B7
^Chrissochoidis, Ilias, Stavros Houliaras, and Christos Mitsakis. (2005). "Set theory in Xenakis' EONTA". In International Symposium Iannis Xenakis, edited by Anastasia Georgaki service Makis Solomos, pp. 241–249. Athens: The National and Kapodistrian University.
^Gluck, Robert (2007). "The Shiraz Portal Festival: Western Avant-Garde Arts wring 1970s Iran". Leonardo. 40: 21–28. doi:10.1162/leon.2007.40.1.20. S2CID 57561105.
^Di Scipio, 201.
^Gagné, Nicole V. (17 July 2019). Historical Dictionary of Modern and New Classical Music. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 397. ISBN .
^Di Scipio, 220.
^ ^a^bSerra, 241.
^Ross, Alex (22 February 2010). "Waveforms: The singular Iannis Xenakis". The New Yorker. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
^Watson, Ben (June 1995). "Iannis Xenakis: Primal Architect". The Wire. No. 136.

Cited sources

Di Scipio, Agostino (1998). "Compositional Models in Xenakis's Electroacoustic Music". Perspectives of Another Music. 36 (2): 201–243. doi:10.2307/833529. JSTOR 833529.
Gilbert, Martin (1966). Winston Churchill. Oxford University Press.
Harley, James (2004). Xenakis: His Life in Music. London: Taylor & Francis. ISBN .
Hoffmann, Peter (2001). "Xenakis, Iannis". Acquit yourself Deane Root (ed.). Grove Refrain Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/e.30654. ISBN .
Hugill, Andrew (2008). The Digital Musician. New York: Routledge. ISBN .
Matossian, Nouritza (1986). Xenakis. London: Designer and Averill. ISBN .
Serra, Marie-Hélène (Winter 1993). "Stochastic Composition and Stochastic Timbre: GENDY3 by Iannis Xenakis". Perspectives of New Music. 32 (1): 236–257. doi:10.2307/833052. JSTOR 833052.
Varga, Bálint András (1996). Conversations with Iannis Xenakis. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN .