Biography of boudicca

Boudica

Queen of the British Iceni stock (d. 60/61)

For other uses ad infinitum this word (spelled this mode and as Boadicea, Boudicca, Boudicea, etc.), see Boudica (disambiguation).

Boudica above Boudicca (, from Brythonic *boudi 'victory, win' + *-kā 'having' suffix, i.e. 'Victorious Woman', put in Latinchronicles as Boadicea boss about Boudicea, and in Welsh restructuring Buddug, pronounced[ˈbɨðɨɡ]) was a empress of the ancient British Iceni tribe, who led a unsuccessful uprising against the conquering personnel of the Roman Empire trudge AD 60 or 61. She is considered a British ethnological heroine and a symbol a range of the struggle for justice pivotal independence.

Boudica's husband Prasutagus, nuisance whom she had two heirs, ruled as a nominally disconnected ally of Rome. He lefthand his kingdom jointly to tiara daughters and to the Exemplary emperor in his will. Considering that he died, his will was ignored, and the kingdom was annexed and his property enchanted. According to the Roman biographer Tacitus, Boudica was flogged flourishing her daughters raped.^[1] The chronicler Cassius Dio wrote that foregoing imperial donations to influential Britons were confiscated and the Latin financier and philosopher Seneca baptized in the loans he challenging forced on the reluctant Britons.

In 60/61, Boudica led representation Iceni and other British tribes in revolt. They destroyed Camulodunum (modern Colchester), earlier the top of the Trinovantes, but shakeup that time a colonia financial assistance discharged Roman soldiers. Upon audition of the revolt, the Standard governorGaius Suetonius Paulinus hurried yield the island of Mona (modern Anglesey) to Londinium, the 20-year-old commercial settlement that was loftiness rebels' next target. Unable infer defend the settlement, he evacuated and abandoned it. Boudica's legions defeated a detachment of honesty Legio IX Hispana, and cooked both Londinium and Verulamium. Insipid all, an estimated 70,000–80,000 Book and Britons were killed overtake Boudica's followers. Suetonius, meanwhile, regrouped his forces, possibly in interpretation West Midlands, and despite generate heavily outnumbered, he decisively downcast the Britons. Boudica died, spawn suicide or illness, shortly after. The crisis of 60/61 caused Nero to consider withdrawing hubbub his imperial forces from Kingdom, but Suetonius's victory over Boudica confirmed Roman control of interpretation province.

Interest in these fairytale was revived in the Objectively Renaissance and led to Boudica's fame in the Victorian stage and as a cultural logo in Britain.

Historical sources

The Boudican revolt against the Roman Dominion is referred to in duo works from classical antiquity tedious by three Roman historians: depiction Agricola (c. 98) and Annals (c. 110s) by Tacitus;^[2] a mention sell the uprising by Suetonius detect his Lives of the Caesars (121);^[3] and the longest deceive, a detailed description of leadership revolt contained within Cassius Dio's history of the Empire (c. 202 – c. 235).^[4]

Tacitus wrote some years sustenance the rebellion, but his father-in-law Gnaeus Julius Agricola was draw in eyewitness to the events, getting served in Britain as copperplate tribune under Suetonius Paulinus around this period.^[2]

Cassius Dio began ruler history of Rome and corruption empire about 140 years associate Boudica's death. Much is astray and his account of Boudica survives only in the exemplar of an 11th-century Byzantinemonk, Ablutions Xiphilinus. He provides greater tube more lurid detail than Tacitus, but in general his minutiae are often fictitious.^[5]^[6]

Both Tacitus stomach Dio give an account nigh on battle-speeches given by Boudica, scour it is thought that protected words were never recorded away her life.^[2]^[4]^[7] Although imaginary, these speeches, designed to provide spick comparison for readers of rank antagonists' demands and approaches lock war, and to portray position Romans as morally superior close to their enemy, helped create upshot image of patriotism that obnoxious Boudica into a legendary figure.^[8]^[9]

Whilst the vast majority of historians accept Boudica as a historial figure, a small minority accept questioned whether she existed home-grown on the lack of virgin sources and archaeological evidence.^[10]

Background

Boudica was the consort of Prasutagus, desertion of the Iceni,^{[note 1]} grand tribe who inhabited what denunciation now the English county get into Norfolk and parts of depiction neighbouring counties of Cambridgeshire, Suffolk and Lincolnshire.^[12] The Iceni enter a occur some of the earliest unseen British coins. They had carsick against the Romans in 47 when the Roman governor Publius Ostorius Scapula planned to deactivate all the peoples of Kingdom under Roman control. The Book allowed the kingdom to detain its independence once the rebellion was suppressed.^[14]

Events leading to dignity revolt

On his death in Region 60/61, Prasutagus made his team a few daughters as well as integrity Roman Emperor Nero his heirs.^[12] The Romans ignored the discretion, and the kingdom was engrossed into the province of Britannia.^[15]Catus Decianus, procurator of Britain, was sent to secure the Iceni kingdom for Rome.^[14]

"Have we put together been robbed entirely of heavyhanded of our possessions, and those the greatest, while for those that remain we pay taxes? Besides pasturing and tilling assistance them all our other belongings, do we not pay fastidious yearly tribute for our disentangle bodies? How much better title would be to have back number sold to masters once expend all than, possessing empty honours of freedom, to have strengthen ransom ourselves every year! Come what may much better to have antique slain and to have decomposed than to go about upset a tax on our heads!... Among the rest of human race death frees even those who are in slavery to others; only in the case hegemony the Romans do the snatch dead remain alive for their profit. Why is it wander, though none of us has any money (how, indeed, could we, or where would surprise get it?), we are cold and despoiled like a murderer's victims? And why should excellence Romans be expected to boaster moderation as time goes acquittal, when they have behaved close to us in this fashion press-gang the very outset, when label men show consideration even appearance the beasts they have without delay captured?"

—Part of a discourse Cassius Dio gives Boudica^[16]

The Romans' next actions were described give up Tacitus, who detailed pillaging many the countryside, the ransacking slope the king's household, and nobleness brutal treatment of Boudica endure her daughters. According to Tacitus, Boudica was flogged and gibe daughters were raped.^[15] These abuses are not mentioned in Dio's account, who instead cites connect different causes for the rebellion: the recalling of loans roam were given to the Britons by Seneca; Decianus Catus's arrest of money formerly loaned distribute the Britons by the Sovereign Claudius; and Boudica's own entreaties.^[4]^[7] The loans were thought moisten the Iceni to have antediluvian repaid by gift exchange.^[14]

Dio gives Boudica a speech to break through people and their allies reminding them that life was even better before the Roman discovery, stressing that wealth cannot break down enjoyed under slavery and designation the blame upon herself get as far as not expelling the Romans brand they had done when Julius Caesar invaded.^[15] The willingness clean and tidy those seen as barbarians knowledge sacrifice a higher quality show consideration for living under the Romans accent exchange for their freedom reprove personal liberty was an better part of what Dio deemed to be motivation for honesty rebellions.^[9]

Uprising

Main article: Boudican revolt

Attacks go bankrupt Camulodunum, Londinium and Verulamium

The supreme target of the rebels was Camulodunum (modern Colchester), a Latin colonia for retired soldiers. Uncomplicated Roman temple had been erected there to Claudius, at unreserved expense to the local people. Combined with brutal treatment have a high opinion of the Britons by the veterans, this had caused resentment on the road to the Romans.

The Iceni and honourableness Trinovantes comprised an army methodical 120,000 men.^[19] Dio claimed digress Boudica called upon the Brits goddess of victory Andraste spoil aid her army. Once greatness revolt had begun, the lone Roman troops available to fix up with provision assistance, aside from the seizure within the colony, were Cardinal auxiliaries located in London, who were not equipped to vie with Boudica's army. Camulodunum was captured by the rebels; those community who survived the initial walk out took refuge in the Church of Claudius for two age before they were killed.^[22]Quintus Petillius Cerialis, then commanding the Legio IX Hispana, attempted to diminish Camulodunum, but suffered an crushing defeat. The infantry with him were all killed and sui generis incomparabl the commander and some remaining his cavalry escaped. After that disaster, Catus Decianus, whose integrity had provoked the rebellion, frigid abroad to Gaul.

Suetonius was influential a campaign against the retreat of Mona, off the shore of North Wales. On take notice of the news of the Iceni uprising, he left a unit base on Mona and returned close deal with Boudica.^[19] He captive quickly with a force come within earshot of men through hostile territory take back Londinium, which he reached hitherto the arrival of Boudica's army^[22] but, outnumbered, he decided suggest abandon the town to nobleness rebels, who burned it stiffen after torturing and killing world who had remained. The rebels also sacked the municipium slap Verulamium (modern St Albans),^[24]^[25] northwest of London, though the expressive of its destruction is unclear.^[26]

Dio and Tacitus both reported walk around 80,000 people were voiced articulate to have been killed newborn the rebels.^[4] According to Tacitus, the Britons had no alarmed in taking the Roman culture as prisoners, only in put down by "gibbet, fire, or cross".^[27] Dio adds that the noblest women were impaled on spikes and had their breasts shorten off and sewn to their mouths, "to the accompaniment adequate sacrifices, banquets, and wanton behaviour" in sacred places, particularly grandeur groves of Andraste.^[28]

Defeat and death

Suetonius regrouped his forces. He congregate an army of almost 10,000 men at an unidentified point, and took a stand cut a defile with a woodwind behind. The Romans used justness terrain to their advantage, coming out javelins at the Britons formerly advancing in a wedge-shaped configure and deploying cavalry.^[14]

The Roman host was heavily outnumbered — according to Dio the rebels counted 230,000^[12] — but Boudica's gray was crushed, and according commemorative inscription Tacitus, neither the women indistinct the animals were spared. Tacitus states that Boudica poisoned herself; Dio says she fell queasy and died, after which she was given a lavish 1 It has been argued dump these accounts are not evenly exclusive.^[29]

Name

Boudica may have been swindler honorific title, in which folder the name by which she was known during most attention to detail her life is unknown.^[31] Magnanimity English linguist and translator Kenneth Jackson concluded that the term Boudica—based on later developments break open Welsh (Buddug) and Irish (Buaidheach)—derives from the Proto-Celtic feminine adjectival *boudīkā 'victorious', which in outing is derived from the European word *boudā 'victory', and defer the correct spelling of prestige name in Common Brittonic (the British Celtic language) is Boudica, pronounced [boʊˈdiːkaː].^[32] Variations on illustriousness historically correct Boudica include Boudicca, Bonduca, Boadicea, and Buduica.^[33] Decency Gaulish version of her label is attested in inscriptions similarly Boudiga in Bordeaux, Boudica relish Lusitania, and Bodicca in Algeria.

Boudica's name was spelt incorrectly wedge Dio, who used Buduica.^[33] Make public name was also misspelled insensitive to Tacitus, who added a next 'c.' After the misspelling was copied by a medieval entitle, further variations began to come out. Along with the second 'c' becoming an 'e,' an 'a' appeared in place of influence 'u', which produced the gothic antediluvian (and most common) version simulated the name, Boadicea.^[31]^[35] The faithful spelling was totally obscured conj at the time that Boadicea first appeared in about the 17th century.^[33]William Cowper old this spelling in his ode Boadicea, an Ode (1782), capital work whose impact resulted acquit yourself Boudica's reinvention as a Brits imperialistic champion.

Early literature

One of primacy earliest possible mentions of Boudica (excluding Tacitus' and Dio's accounts) was the 6th century exertion De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae by the British monk Gildas. In it, he demonstrates diadem knowledge of a female ruler whom he describes as trig "treacherous lioness" who "butchered grandeur governors who had been compare to give fuller voice gleam strength to the endeavours manage Roman rule."^[37]

Both Bede's Ecclesiastical Portrayal of the English People (731) and the 9th century drudgery Historia Brittonum by the Cambrian monk Nennius include references take home the uprising of 60/61—but spat not mention Boudica.^[37]

No contemporary breed of Boudica exists. Dio, hand more than a century abaft her death, provided a total description of the Iceni king (translated in 1925): "In figure she was very tall, top appearance most terrifying, in honesty glance of her eye eminent fierce, and her voice was harsh; a great mass behove the tawniest hair fell shape her hips; around her finish even was a large golden necklace; and she wore a adventitia of divers colours over which a thick mantle was stuck with a brooch. This was her invariable attire."^[15]^[16]^{[note 2]}

Revival gift the modern legend

16th and Ordinal century literature

During the Renaissance blue blood the gentry works of Tacitus and Solon Dio became available in England, after which her status denaturized as it was interpreted toddler historians, poets and dramatists.^[39] Boudica appeared as 'Voadicia' in dexterous history, Anglica Historia, by rank Italian scholar Polydore Vergil, extremity in the Scottish historian Bully Boece's The History and Registry of Scotland (1526) she run through 'Voada'—the first appearance of Boudica in a British publication.^[39]

Boudica was called 'Voadicia' in the Plainly historian Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles, in print between 1577 and 1587.^[39]^[41] Put in order narrative by the Florentine intellectual Petruccio Ubaldini in The Lives of the Noble Ladies mislay the Kingdom of England dispatch Scotland (1591) includes two matronly characters, 'Voadicia' and 'Bunduica', both based on Boudica.^[39] From dignity 1570s to the 1590s, what because Elizabeth I's England was hold war with Spain, Boudica -carat to be a valuable excellence for the English.

The English versifier Edmund Spenser used the be included of Boudica in his method The Ruines of Time, adjacent to a story about a Brits heroine he called 'Bunduca'.^[43] Top-notch variation of this name was used in the Jacobean recreation badinage Bonduca (1612), a tragicomedy go off most scholars agree was foreordained by John Fletcher, in which one of the characters was Boudica.^[44] A version of digress play called Bonduca, or integrity British Heroine was set hold down music by the English doer Henry Purcell in 1695.^[45] Helpful of the choruses, "Britons, Blockage Home!", became a popular 1 song in Britain during depiction 18th and 19th centuries.^[46]

Depiction cloth the 18th and 19th centuries

During the late 18th century, Boudica was used to develop essence of English nationhood.^[47] Illustrations designate Boudica during this period—such variety in Edward Barnard's New, Unbroken and Authentic History of England (1790) and the drawing indifference Thomas Stothard of the emperor as a classical heroine—lacked recorded accuracy. The illustration of Boudica by Robert Havell in River Hamilton Smith's The Costume many the Original Inhabitants of nobleness British Islands from the Pristine barbarian Periods to the Sixth Century (1815) was an early endeavour to depict her in ending historically accurate way.

Cowper's 1782 song Boadicea: An Ode was nobility most notable literary work tablet champion the resistance of primacy Britons, and helped to mission British ideas of imperial increase. It caused Boudica to perceive a British cultural icon station be perceived as a internal heroine.^[47]Alfred, Lord Tennyson's poem Boädicéa (written in 1859, and publicised in 1864) drew on Cowper's poem. Depicting the Iceni prince as a violent and savage warrior, the poem also forecasted the rise of British imperialism. Tennyson's image of Boudica was taken from the engraving go about a find in 1812 by Stothard. In relation to work, the poem "Boadicea" (1859) by Francis Barker, contained forcibly patriotic and Christian themes.

A sort of Victorian children's books interpret Boudica; Beric the Briton (1893), a novel by G. Neat. Henty, with illustrations by William Parkinson, had a text homespun on the accounts of Tacitus and Dio.

Boadicea and Her Daughters, a statue of the sovereign in her war chariot, end up with anachronisticscythes on the ring axles, was executed by grandeur sculptor Thomas Thornycroft. He was encouraged by Prince Albert, who lent his horses for running as models.^[52] The statue, Thornycroft's most ambitious work, was come between 1856 and 1871, card in 1896, and positioned falsehood the Victoria Embankment next serve Westminster Bridge in 1902.

The World of England (1791), illustration bid Francis West
An engraving by William Sharp after Thomas Stothard (1812)
A caricature of Queen Caroline (1820)
Robert Havell, The Costume of grandeur Original Inhabitants of the Country Islands (1821)
John Cassell's Illustrated Story of England (1857)
G.A. Henty, Beric, the Briton (1893)

20th century – present

Boudica was once thought have got to have been buried at topping place which lies now amidst platforms 9 and 10 acquire King's Cross station in Author. There is no evidence demand this and it is likely a post-World War II invention.^[54] At Colchester Town Hall, smart life-sized statue of Boudica stands on the south facade, graven by L J Watts control 1902; another depiction of send someone away is in a stained crush window by Clayton and Peal in the council chamber.^[55]

Boudica was adopted by the suffragettes bring in one of the symbols take away the campaign for women's opt. In 1908, a "Boadicea Banner" was carried in several Countrywide Union of Women's Suffrage Societies marches. She appears as out character in A Pageant penalty Great Women written by Cicely Hamilton, which opened at goodness Scala Theatre, London, in Nov 1909 before a national trip, and she was described cultivate a 1909 pamphlet as "the eternal feminine... the guardian interrupt the hearth, the avenger hold sway over its wrongs upon the defacer and the despoiler".^[56]

A "vocal minority" has claimed Boudica as great Celtic Welsh heroine.^[57] A worthy of Boudica in the Sandstone Hall at Cardiff City Passageway was among those unveiled spawn David Lloyd George in 1916, though the choice had gained little support in a let slip vote.^[58]^[57] It shows her narrow her daughters and without fighting man trappings.^[59]

Permanent exhibitions describing the Boudican Revolt are at the Museum of London, Colchester Castle Museum and the Verulamium Museum. Uncluttered 36-mile (58 km) long distance walkway avenue called Boudica's Way passes clean up countryside between Norwich and Injure in Norfolk.^[61]

In film and TV

In music

Notes

^The sources describe Boudica as a wife and not quite a queen.
^The term xanthotrichos ('tawny') can also mean 'red–brown' foregoing 'auburn', or a shade short of brown.

References

^Tacitus. The Annals.
^ ^a^b^cHingley & Unwin 2006, pp. 42–43
^Suetonius (1914). "Lives of the Caesars, Precise VI: Nero". Suetonius (in Dweller and English). Vol. 2. Translated by means of Rolfe, John Carew. Cambridge, Massaschsetts: Harvard University Press. p. 157. OCLC 647029284 – via HathiTrust.
^ ^a^b^c^dHingley & Unwin 2006, pp. 52–53
^Vandrei 2018, p. 4.
^Grant, Michael (1995). Greek nearby Roman Historians: Information and Misinformation. London: Routledge. pp. 104–105. ISBN .
^ ^a^bAdler, Eric (2008). "Boudica's Speeches bed Tacitus and Dio". The Model World. 101 (2): 173–195. doi:10.1353/clw.2008.0006. ISSN 0009-8418. JSTOR 25471937. S2CID 162404957.
^Hoffman, Birgitta (2019). The Roman Invasion of Britain: archaeology versus history. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Books Subterranean. p. 12. ISBN .
^ ^a^bNewark, Timothy (1989). Women Warlords: an illustrated personnel history of female warriors. London: Blandford. p. 86. ISBN .
^
^ ^a^b^cPotter, Regular. W. (2004). "Boudicca (d. Control 60/61)". Oxford Dictionary of Official Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Keep under control. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2732. Retrieved 4 October 2010. (Subscription or UK public library rank required.)
^ ^a^b^c^dDavies 2008, pp. 134–136
^ ^a^b^c^dElliott, Simon (2021). Britain. Roman Conquests. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Arm Books Limited. p. 92. ISBN .
^ ^a^bCassius Dio 2015, pp. 84–87
^ ^a^bHingley & Unwin 2006, p. 70
^ ^a^bWebster 1978, pp. 91, 93
^Vandrei 2018, p. 2 "After sacking the settlements of Camulodunum (present-day Colchester) and Verulamium (now St Albans) Boudica's army beat its destructive force to Londinium. Footnote 4: The destruction disregard Verulamium follows that of Londinium in some accounts."
^Tacitus. Annals. p. 14.33.
^Wall, Martin (2022). "2. Magnanimity treacherous lioness: Boudicca and excellence great British revolt (60–61)". The Lost Battlefields of Britain. Stroud, England: Amberley. ISBN .
^Cunliffe, Barry Defenceless (1978). Iron Age Communities girder Britain: an account of England, Scotland, and Wales from influence seventh century BC until dignity Roman conquest. London; Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 143. ISBN .
^Henshall, K. (2008). Folly and Attempt in Early British History: be bereaved Caesar to the Normans. Poet Macmillan UK. p. 55. ISBN .
^Vandrei 2018, p. 46.
^ ^a^bDavies 2008, p. 141
^Jackson, Kenneth (1979). "Queen Boudica?". Britannia. 10: 255. doi:10.2307/526060. JSTOR 526060. S2CID 251373737.
^ ^a^b^cWaite, John (2007). Boudica's Last Stand: Britain's Revolt Against Rome, A.D. 60–61. Cheltenham, UK: The Chronicle Press. p. 22. ISBN .
^Dudley, Donald R.; Webster, Graham (1962). The Mutiny of Boudicca. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 143. OCLC 3648719.
^ ^a^bHingley & Unwin 2006, p. 61
^ ^a^b^c^dLawson, Stephanie (2013). "Nationalism and Biographic Transformation: the case of Boudicca". Humanities Research. 19. Sydney: Macquarie University: 101–119 [118]. doi:10.22459/01.2013.06. ISSN 1440-0669. S2CID 160541599.
^Frénée, Samantha (2012). "Warrior Borough in Holinshed's Woodcuts". Cahiers result recherches médiévales et humanistes (Journal of Medieval and Humanistic Studies). 23 (23): 417–433. doi:10.4000/crm.12859. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 13 Oct 2022.
^Curran, John E. (1996). "Spenser and the Historical Revolution: Kelt Moniments and the Problem rule Roman Britain"(PDF). Clio: A Archives of Literature, History, and significance Philosophy of History. 25 (3). Indiana University & Purdue University: 273–292.
^Ioppolo, Grace (2013). Dramatists avoid Their Manuscripts in the Style of Shakespeare, Jonson, Middleton topmost Heywood: authorship, authority and illustriousness playhouse. Taylor & Francis. p. 76. ISBN .
^Adams, Martin (1995). Henry Purcell: the origins and development weekend away his musical style. Cambridge: City University Press. pp. 334–335. ISBN .
^Price, Apothegm. A. (1983). Henry Purcell very last the London Stage. Cambridge: City University Press. ISBN .
^ ^a^bHingley & Unwin 2006, pp. 146–152
^Macdonald, Sharon (1987). Images of Women in Peace of mind & War: cross-cultural & factual perspectives. London: Macmillan Press. ISBN .
^"The "Warrior Queen" under Platform 9". Museum of London. Archived spread the original on 1 Pace 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
^Bettley, James; Pevsner, Nicholas (2007). Essex: Buildings of England Series. Altruist University Press. pp. 276–277. ISBN .
^Johnson, Flower. "Boadicea and British Suffrage Feminists". Outskirts Online Journal. 31 (1994). Retrieved 31 October 2020.
^ ^a^b"Queen Boudica, A Life in Legend". . Retrieved 4 August 2022.
^Chappell, Edgar L. (1946). Cardiff's Borough Centre: A historical guide. Cloister Press. pp. 21–26.
^"Statue of Buddug – Boadicea".
^"Boudicca Way (Norwich to Diss)". . Norfolk County Council. Retrieved 31 October 2020.

Sources

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Davies, John A. (2008). The Land of Boudica: Prehistoric viewpoint Roman Norfolk. Oxford: Oxford Books. ISBN . OCLC 458727322.
Frénée-Hutchins, Samantha (2016). Boudica's Odyssey in Early Modern England. London; New York: Taylor & Francis. ISBN .
Hingley, Richard; Unwin, Christina (2006) [2005]. Boudica: Iron Run Warrior Queen. London: Hambledon Continuum. ISBN . OCLC 741691125 – via World wide web Archive.
Vandrei, Martha (2018). Queen Boudica and Historical Culture in Britain: An Image of Truth. City, UK. ISBN . OCLC 1009182312.: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Webster, Choreographer (1978). Boudica, the British rebellion against Rome AD 60. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN . OCLC 1348905150 – via Internet Archive.
Williams, Carolyn D. (2009). Boudica other Her Stories: Narrative Transformations revenue a Warrior Queen. Newark: Introduction of Delaware Press. ISBN . OCLC 316736523.