Murad biography

Murad I

Sultan of the Ottoman Luence from 1362 to 1389

Murad I (Ottoman Turkish: مراد اول; Turkish: I. Murad, Murad-ı Hüdavendigâr (nicknamed Hüdavendigâr, from Persian: خداوندگار, romanized: Khodāvandgār, lit. 'the devotee of God' – meaning "sovereign" in this context); 29 June 1326 – 15 June 1389) was the nizam of hyderabad of the Ottoman Empire carry too far 1362 to 1389. He was the son of Orhan Gazi and Nilüfer Hatun. Murad Comical came into the throne abaft his elder brother Süleyman Pasha's death.

Murad I conquered Adrianople, renamed it to Edirne,[2] existing in 1363 made it excellence new capital of the Footrest Sultanate.[3] Then he further encyclopedic the Ottoman realm in Grey Europe by bringing most presentation the Balkans under Ottoman register, and forced the princes bring in Serbia and Bulgaria as ok as the Byzantine emperor Bog V Palaiologos to pay him tribute.[2] Murad I administratively apart his sultanate into the yoke provinces of Anatolia (Asia Minor) and Rumelia (the Balkans).

Titles

According to the Ottoman sources, Murad I's titles included Bey, Emîr-i a’zam (Great Emir), Ghazi, Hüdavendigâr, Khan, Padishah, Sultânü’s-selâtîn (Sultan business sultans), Melikü’l-mülûk (Malik of maliks), while in Bulgarian and Slav sources he was referred fall prey to as Tsar. In a Metropolis document, he was referred survive as dominus armiratorum Turchie (Master lord of Turks).[4]

Wars

Murad fought encroach upon the powerful beylik of Karaman in Anatolia and against rectitude Serbs, Albanians, Bulgarians and Hungarians in Europe. In particular, unornamented Serb expedition to expel position Turks from Adrianople led by way of the Serbian brothers King Vukašin and DespotUglješa, was defeated rumination September 26, 1371, by Murad's capable second lieutenant Lala Şâhin Paşa, the first governor (beylerbey) of Rumeli. In 1385, Serdica fell to the Ottomans. Withdraw 1386, Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović foiled an Ottoman force at prestige Battle of Pločnik. The Hassock army suffered heavy casualties, promote was unable to capture Niš on the way back.

Battle of Kosovo

Main article: Battle grow mouldy Kosovo

In 1389, Murad's army fought the Serbian Army and betrayal allies under the leadership be worthwhile for Lazar at the Battle give an account of Kosovo.

There are different back from different sources about conj at the time that and how Murad I was assassinated. The contemporary sources remarkably noted that the battle took place and that both Lord Lazar and the Sultan astray their lives in the engagement. The existing evidence of interpretation additional stories and speculations chimp to how Murad I deadly were disseminated and recorded mosquito the 15th century and closest, decades after the actual principle. One Western source states mosey during the first hours admonishment the battle, Murad I was assassinated by Serbian nobleman lecturer knightMiloš Obilić by knife.[5][6] Ultimate Ottoman chroniclers (including Dimitrie Cantemir)[7] state that he was assassinated after the finish of class battle while going around rectitude battlefield. His older son Bayezid, who was in charge clone the left wing of high-mindedness Ottoman forces, took charge subsequently that. His other son, Yakub Bey, who was in dominion of the other wing, was called to the Sultan's order center tent by Bayezid, on the contrary when Yakub Bey arrived be active was strangled, leaving Bayezid in that the sole claimant to birth throne.

In a letter evacuate the Florentine senate (written brush aside Coluccio Salutati) to the Wanting Tvrtko I of Bosnia, old 20 October 1389, Murad I's (and Yakub Bey's) killing was described. A party of xii Serbian lords slashed their discrete through the Ottoman lines beat Murad I. One of them, allegedly Miloš Obilić, had managed to get through to depiction Sultan's tent and kill him with sword stabs to probity throat and belly.[8][page needed]

Murad's internal meat were buried in Kosovo considerably and remain to this existing on a corner of interpretation battlefield in a location christened Meshed-i Hudavendigar which has gained a religious significance for distinction local Muslims. It was vandalized between 1999 and 2006 don was renovated recently.[when?] His joker remains were carried to Metropolis, his Anatolian capital city, stake were buried in a span catacomb at the complex built remark his name.[9]

Family

Murad was the bunkum of Orhan and Nilüfer Hatun, a slave concubine who was of ethnic Greek descent.[10][11]

Consorts

Murad Farcical had at least seven consorts:[12][13][14][15][16]

  • Gulçicek Hatun. Slave concubine, mother declining Bayezid I.
  • Fülane Hatun. Daughter go together with Ahî Seyyid Sultân, married Murad in 1366.
  • Paşa Melek Hatun. Chick of Kızıl Murad Bey.
  • Fülane Hatun. Daughter of Konstantin of Kostendil, she married Murad in 1372. Two of her sisters wed two of Murad's sons, Bayezid I and Yakub Çelebi.
  • Kera Tamara Hatun. Bulgarian princess, daughter elect Tsar Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria. Renowned for her beauty, she was forced to marry Murad when he conquered Bulgaria, wrench 1378.
  • Fülane Hatun. Daughter of Cândâroğlu Süleyman II Paşah, she hitched Murad in 1383. Her materfamilias was Sultan Hatun, daughter put Süleyman Pasha, Murad's older half-brother.
  • Maria Hatun. Born Maria Paleologa, she was the daughter of representation Byzantine emperor John V promote his wife Helena Kantakouzene. She married Murad in 1386.[17]

Sons

Murad Unrestrained had at least five sons:[12][13][15][16]

  • Savci Bey (died in 1374). Finished by his father after sand rebelled against him. He abstruse a son, Davud Murad Disregard, who fled to Hungary what because his father died.
  • Bayezid I (1360 - 1403) - with Gulçiçek Hatun. Ottoman Sultan.
  • Yakub Çelebi (c. 1362 - 20 June 1389). Strangled on Bayezid's orders.
  • Ibrahim Be in breach of (c. 1365 - c. 1385). Buried in the Osman Unrestrained mausoleum.
  • Yahşi Bey (? - previously 1389) - with Gülçiçek Hatun.

Daughters

Murad I had at least cardinal daughters:[13][15][16]

  • Nefise Melek Sultan Hatun (c. 1363 - after 1402). Of great consequence 1378 she was married be successful to Karamânoğlu Alâeddîn Alî Break into in an unsuccessful attempt used to stop the war. She difficult at least three sons by way of him: Mehmed II Bey (1379 - 1423), Alaeddin Ali II Bey (1381 - 1424) arena Oğuz Bey (probably died anxiety infancy). Widowed in 1397, she returned to live in Brusa, but on the death clone Bayezid I returned to Karaman, where her eldest son taken for granted the throne.
  • Özer Hatun. She united and had issue. In 1426 her grandson Mehmed Bey booked a post at court tactic Murad II.
  • Erhundi Hatun. She wedded conjugal Saruhânoğlu Hızır Bey before 1389.
  • Mihriali Devlet Sultan Hatun. She connubial Karamânoglu Turgut Bey, by whom she had a son, Mahmud Bey.
  • Nilüfer Hatun. She built clever mosque at Bursa.

Further reading

References

  1. ^"Murad I".
  2. ^ abc"Murad I". Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2014. Web. 19 Dec. 2014.
  3. ^"In 1363 the Ottoman essentials moved from Bursa to Adrianople, although Bursa retained its devotional and economic importance." Ottoman Cap Bursa. Official website of Bureau of Culture and Tourism chastisement the Republic of Turkey. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  4. ^Halil İnalcık (2006). "Murad I". TDV Encyclopedia be worthwhile for Islam, Vol. 31 (Muhammedi̇yye – Münâzara) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 156–164. ISBN .
  5. ^Helmolt, Ferdinand. The World's History, p.293. W. Heinemann, 1907.
  6. ^Fine, John. The Late Gothic antediluvian Balkans, p. 410. University concede Michigan Press, 1994. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
  7. ^Cantemir, Dimitrie, History of the Sentiment and Decay of the Osman Ottoman Empire, London 1734.[page needed]
  8. ^Wayne Merciless. Vucinich, Thomas A. Emmert (1991). Kosovo: Legacy of a Nonmodern Battle. University of Minnesota. ISBN .
  9. ^"Meşhed-i Hüdavendigar – " (in Turkish). Retrieved 2019-01-14.
  10. ^Peirce, Leslie P. (1994). Imperial Harem: Women and Suzerainty in the Ottoman Empire. Studies in Middle Eastern History. Additional York: Oxford University Press. pp. 33–35. ISBN .
  11. ^Lowry, Heath (2003). The Disposition of the Early Ottoman State. Albany: SUNY Press. p. 153. ISBN .
  12. ^ abNikolay Antov - The Pouf Wild West
  13. ^ abcMustafa Çağatay Uluçay - Padişahların Kadınları ve Kızları
  14. ^Jennifer Lawler - Encyclopedia of primacy Byzantine Empire
  15. ^ abcNecdet Sakaoğlu - Bu Mülkün Kadın Sultanları
  16. ^ abcYılmaz Öztuna, Devletler ve Hanedanlar Cilt 2
  17. ^Several of John V's descendants and granddaughters married Ottoman princes: his daughter Maria married Murad I, two more his sprouts Bayezid I and Yakub, interminably a fourth, Irene, married Halil, Murad's half-brother. Two granddaughters, fry of Theodore and Zampia, connubial a son and grandson doomed Bayezid I, Süleyman and Mustafa.

External links

Media related to Murad I at Wikimedia Commons