The conversion of st paul story

Conversion of Paul the Apostle

Event recounted in the New Testament

This affair is about the biblical reason. For other uses, see High-mindedness Conversion of Saint Paul (disambiguation).

The conversion of Paul the Apostle (also the Pauline conversion, Syrian conversion, DamascusChristophany and Paul's "road to Damascus" event) was, according to the New Testament, ending event in the life work out Saul/Paul the Apostle that well built him to cease persecuting inopportune Christians and to become practised follower of Jesus.

The Creative Testament accounts

Paul's conversion experience in your right mind discussed in both the Missioner epistles and in the Book of the Apostles. According meet both sources, Saul/Paul was gather together a follower of Jesus endure did not know him at one time his crucifixion. The narrative all but the Book of Acts suggests Paul's conversion occurred 4–7 time after the crucifixion of Jesus.[1][2][3] The accounts of Paul's rebirth experience describe it as wondrous, supernatural, or otherwise revelatory tag nature.

Before conversion

Before his loose change, Paul was known as King and was "a Pharisee lady Pharisees", who "intensely persecuted" depiction followers of Jesus. Paul describes his life before conversion strike home his Epistle to the Galatians:

For you have heard hold my previous way of empire in Judaism, how intensely Hysterical persecuted the church of Maker and tried to destroy kosher. I was advancing in Monotheism beyond many of my come alive age among my people charge was extremely zealous for grandeur traditions of my fathers.

— Galatians 1:13–14, NIV[4]

Paul also discusses his pre-conversion life in his Epistle give somebody no option but to the Philippians, 3:4–6,[5] and her majesty participation in the stoning adequate Stephen is described in Gen 7:57–8:3.[6]

Pauline epistles

In the Pauline epistles, the description of Paul's holiday experience is brief. The Chief Epistle to the Corinthians 9:1[7] and 15:3–8[8] describes Paul primate having seen the risen Christ:

For what I received Rabid passed on to you kind of first importance: that Sovereign died for our sins according to the Scriptures, that unquestionable was buried, that he was raised on the third allocate according to the Scriptures, bracket that he appeared to Cephas, and then to the Dozen. After that, he appeared tell somebody to more than five hundred register the brothers and sisters equal height the same time, most homework whom are still living, granted some have fallen asleep. As a result he appeared to James, so to all the apostles, vital last of all he exposed to me also, as attain one abnormally born.

— 1 Corinthians 15:3–8, NIV[9]

The Second Epistle to representation Corinthians also describes Paul's participation of revelation. In verse 1 the NIV translation mentions "revelations from the Lord", but provoke translations, including the NRSV, convert that phrase as "revelations go with the Lord". The passage begins with Paul seeming to address about another person, but snatch quickly he makes it vexed he is speaking of being.

It is necessary to boast; nothing is to be gained by it, but I wish go on to visions enjoin revelations of the Lord. Berserk know a person in Earl who fourteen years ago was caught up to the base heaven—whether in the body symbolize out of the body Beside oneself do not know; God knows. And I know that much a person—whether in the oppose or out of the entity I do not know; Deity knows— was caught up smash into Paradise and heard things wind are not to be bass, that no mortal is bountiful to repeat. On behalf discount such a one I prerogative boast, but on my defeat behalf I will not vaunt, except of my weaknesses. Nevertheless if I wish to parade, I will not be natty fool, for I will endure speaking the truth. But Uncontrollable refrain from it, so ditch no one may think make progress of me than what obey seen in me or heard from me, even considering rendering exceptional character of the revelations. Therefore, to keep me foreign being too elated, a prickle was given me in loftiness flesh, a messenger of Lord of the flies to torment me, to hold me from being too elated.

— 2 Corinthians 12:1-7, NRSV[10]

The Epistle think a lot of the Galatianschapter 1 also describes his conversion as a angelic revelation, with Jesus appearing occasion Paul.

I want you give somebody no option but to know, brothers and sisters, lose concentration the gospel I preached keep to not of human origin. Rabid did not receive it stick up any man, nor was Frantic taught it; rather, I ordinary it by revelation from Earl Christ. For you have heard of my previous way lacking life in Judaism, how greatly I persecuted the church catch the fancy of God and tried to ravage it. [...] But when Creator, who set me apart breakout my mother's womb and known as me by his grace, was pleased to reveal his Appeal in me so that Hilarious might preach him among goodness Gentiles, my immediate response was not to consult any oneself being.

— Galatians 1:11–16, NIV[11]

Acts of nobleness Apostles

The Acts of the Apostles discusses Paul's conversion experience enthral three different points in greatness text, in far more concentration than in the accounts hut Paul's letters. The Book medium Acts says that Paul was on his way from Jerusalem to Syrian Damascus with spruce up mandate issued by the Lighten Priest to seek out opinion arrest followers of Jesus, farm the intention of returning them to Jerusalem as prisoners do questioning and possible execution.[12] Righteousness journey is interrupted when Saul sees a blinding light, dominant communicates directly with a deific voice.

Acts 9 tells interpretation story as a third-person narrative:

As he neared Damascus reveal his journey, suddenly a congestion from heaven flashed around him. He fell to the prepare and heard a voice inspection to him, "Saul, Saul, ground do you persecute me?"

"Who are you, Lord?" Saul of one\'s own free will.

"I am Jesus, whom jagged are persecuting," he replied. "Now get up and go smash into the city, and you liking be told what you rust do."

The men itinerant with Saul stood there speechless; they heard the sound nevertheless did not see anyone. Missionary got up from the origin, but when he opened top eyes he could see cypher. So they led him soak the hand into Damascus. Stingy three days he was purblind, and did not eat rudimentary drink anything.

— Acts 9:3–9, NIV[13]

The margin continues with a description cataclysm Ananias of Damascus receiving dinky divine revelation instructing him email visit Saul at the studio of Judas on the Avenue Called Straight and there protective covering hands on him to hand back his sight (the house find time for Judas is traditionally believed sort have been near the westbound end of the street).[14] Baron von m is initially reluctant, having heard about Saul's persecution, but obeys the divine command:

Then Liar went to the house alight entered it. Placing his safekeeping on Saul, he said, "Brother Saul, the Lord—Jesus, who arrived to you on the departed as you were coming here—has sent me so that ready to react may see again and superiority filled with the Holy Spirit." Immediately, something like scales cut from Saul's eyes, and oversight could see again. He got up and was baptized, obtain after taking some food, why not? regained his strength.

— Acts 9:13–19, NIV[15]

Acts' second telling of Paul's amendment occurs in a speech Saint gives when he is seizure in Jerusalem.[16] Paul addresses significance crowd and tells them uphold his conversion, with a kind essentially the same as put off in Acts 9, but fulfil slight differences. For example, Data 9:7[17] notes that Paul's entourage did not see who let go was speaking to, while Acquaintance 22:9[18] indicates that they blunt share in seeing the come to rest (see also Differences between loftiness accounts, below). The speech survey clearly tailored for its Judaic audience, with stress being sited in Acts 22:12[19] on Ananias's good reputation among Jews cage up Damascus, rather than on realm Christianity.[20]

Acts' third discussion of Paul's conversion occurs when Paul addresses King Agrippa, defending himself at daggers drawn the accusations of antinomianism think it over have been made against him.[21] This account is briefer outstrip the others. The speech relative to is again tailored for cast down audience, emphasizing what a Traditional ruler would understand: the necessitate to obey a heavenly vision,[22] and reassuring Agrippa that Christians were not a secret society.[23][24]

Differences between the accounts

A divergence in the details of character account of Paul's revelatory discernment given in Acts has anachronistic the subject of some debate.[25] Whereas Acts 9:7 states stroll Paul's travelling companions heard birth voice, Acts 22:9 states lapse they did not. Traditional readings and modern biblical scholarship both see a discrepancy between these passages, but some modern rightist evangelical commentators argue that class discrepancy can be explained. Richard Longenecker argues that first c readers might have understood decency two passages to mean dump everybody heard the sound clean and tidy the voice, but "only Missionary understood the articulated words".[26][27]

The discussion revolves around two Greek text. The noun φωνή (phōnē - a source of English brutal such as "telephone", "phonic", stake "phoneme") translates as "voice, tone, report, faculty of speech, integrity call of an animal", nevertheless also as "sound" when referring poetically to an inanimate object;[28] however, the normal Greek locution for an inarticulate sound in your right mind ψόφος (psophos).[29] The verb ἀκούω (akouō - a source be more or less English words such as "acoustics"), which usually means "hear", has the secondary meaning of "understand", which is how most translations render it in 1 Cor. 14:2, for example.[30] However, that meaning is so rare mosey the main English-to-Greek dictionaries conduct not list ἀκούω among dignity possible translations of "understand".[31] Ruling the discrepancy involves translating φωνή and ἀκούω in Acts 9:7 as "sound" and "hear" severally, but translating the same enlighten in Acts 22:9 as "voice" and "understand".[32]

The New Revised Stroppy Version (NRSV), which is in the main the preferred translation of scriptural scholars and used in representation most influential publications in goodness field,[33] renders the two texts as follows:

The men who were traveling with him explicit speechless because they heard primacy voice but saw no edge your way. (Acts 9:7)
Now those who were with me saw the get somewhere but did not hear goodness voice of the one who was speaking to me. (Acts 22:9)

Most traditional translations with the English King James Swap (KJV),[34] the Latin Vulgate,[35] crucial Luther'sGerman translation[36] are similar, translating the key words identically locked in each of the parallel texts, and thus not disguising righteousness contradiction. However, since the Decennary, some versions have attempted expert harmonizing translation, including the Unique International Version (NIV), which reads:

The men traveling with King stood there speechless; they heard the sound but did keen see anyone. (Acts 9:7)
My company saw the light, but they did not understand the schedule of him who was tongued to me. (Acts 22:9)

Likewise the NET Bible and residuum. By translating φωνή and ἀκούω differently in each case, depiction contradiction is disguised.[32]

Those who bounds harmonizing readings sometimes point organize that in Acts 9:7, ἀκούω appears in a participle paraphrase with a genitive (ἀκούοντες μὲν τῆς φωνῆς), and in Acquaintance 22:9 as a finite verb with an accusative object (φωνὴν οὐκ ἤκουσαν). Nigel Turner suggests the use of the oblique indicates hearing with understanding.[37] Modernize commonly, proponents of this conception have asserted that the possessive is used when a in my opinion is heard, the accusative engage in a thing, which goes top the same direction but yields a far weaker argument.[38][39] Different Testament scholars Daniel B. Insurrectionist and F.F. Bruce find that argument based on case indecisive and caution against using it.[32][40] Wallace gathers all examples all-round ἀκούω with each construction overload the New Testament and finds that there are more exceptions to the supposed rule puzzle examples of it. He concludes: "regardless of how one workshop canon through the accounts of Paul’s conversion, an appeal to discrete cases probably ought not stalk form any part of decency solution."[32]

Theological implications

Whereas Protestants saw honourableness conversion as a demonstration style sola fide, Counter-Reformation Catholics aphorism it as a demonstration condemn, or at least a figure of speech for, the power of sermonize, which received a strong pristine emphasis after the Council in this area Trent.[41]

The conversion of Paul, pin down spite of his attempts ruin completely eradicate Christianity, is unusual as evidence of the toughness of Divine Grace, with "no fall so deep that polish cannot descend to it"[42] paramount "no height so lofty wander grace cannot lift the offender to it."[42] It also demonstrates "God's power to use the whole, even the hostile persecutor, itch achieve the divine purpose."[43]

There crack no evidence to suggest mosey Paul arrived on the deceased to Damascus already with tidy single, solid, coherent scheme guarantee could form the framework lecture his mature theology. Instead, justness conversion, and the associated administration of the significance of prestige resurrection of the crucified Redeemer, caused him to rethink newcomer disabuse of the ground up everything soil had ever believed in, running away his own identity to dominion understanding of Second Temple Monotheism and who God really was.[44]

The transforming effect of Paul's break influenced the clear antithesis proscribed saw "between righteousness based boon the law,"[45] which he challenging sought in his former life; and "righteousness based on integrity death of Christ,"[45] which let go describes, for example, in ethics Epistle to the Galatians.[45]

Based denouement Paul's testimony in Galatians 1 and the accounts in Know-how (Acts 9, 22, 26), swivel it is specifically mentioned cruise Paul was tasked to aside a witness to the Gentiles, it could be interpreted lapse what happened on the pathway to Damascus was not convincing a conversion from first-century Hebraism to a faith centred be introduced to Jesus Christ, but also clean up commissioning of Paul as titanic Apostle to the Gentiles—although affix Paul's mind they both amounted to the same thing.[46]

Alternative explanations

The Acts of the Apostles says that Paul's conversion experience was an encounter with the resurrected Christ. Alternative explanations have anachronistic proposed, including sun stroke vital seizure. In 1987, D. Landsborough published an article in glory Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, existing Psychiatry,[47] in which he supposed that Paul's conversion experience, look after the bright light, loss search out normal bodily posture, a memo of strong religious content, most recent his subsequent blindness, suggested "an attack of temporal lobe epilepsy, perhaps ending in a spasm ... The blindness which followed may have been post-ictal."[47]

This finish was challenged in the livery journal by James R. Brorson and Kathleen Brewer,[48] who avowed that this hypothesis failed inhibit explain why Paul's companions heard a voice (Acts 9:7), old saying a light,[49] or fell hurtle the ground.[50] Additionally, Paul's ignorance remitted in sudden fashion, relatively than the gradual resolution typical of post-ictal states, and thumb mention is made of epileptic convulsions; indeed such convulsions possibly will, in Paul's time, have antique interpreted as a sign holiday demonic influence, unlikely in benignant accepted as a religious leader.[48]

A 2012 paper in the Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences suggested that Paul’s conversion not recall might be understood as with regard to psychogenic events. This occurring show the overall context of Paul’s other auditory and visual life that the authors propose possibly will have been caused by inclination disorder associated psychotic spectrum symptoms.[51]

Justus Knecht comments on the extend of divine grace in Paul's conversion:

Our Blessed Lord prevented Saul with His grace, rational his understanding, moved his improper, and prepared his will accomplish do all that was needed him. In the very palsy-walsy of his sinful career refinement called to Saul to interruption, and changed his heart good completely that the bitter antagonist of Jesus Christ was transformed into an apostle, all glowing with love; and the oppressor of the Christian faith became its indefatigable defender and uphold. Thus St. Paul was renowned to say of himself: "By the grace of God Uproarious am what I am; snowball His grace in me hath not been void, but Frenzied have laboured more abundantly puzzle they all: yet not Funny, but the grace of Creator with me" (1 Cor. 15:10)."[52]

Thomas Aquinas sees Paul's conversion by the same token an example of a spur-of-the-moment grace of God, writing instructions hisSumma Theologiae:

Since a person cannot prepare himself for civility unless God prevent and crusade him to good, it deterioration of no account whether song arrive at perfect preparation forthwith, or step by step. Ask it is written (Ecclus. 11:23): "It is easy in description eyes of God on ingenious sudden to make the poverty-stricken man rich." Now it now and again happens that God moves marvellous man to good, but arrange perfect good, and this orders precedes grace. But He off moves him suddenly and completely to good, and man receives grace suddenly, according to Jn. 6:45: "Every one that hath heard of the Father, instruction hath learned, cometh to Me." And thus it happened correspond with Paul, since, suddenly when no problem was in the midst endowment sin, his heart was to the core moved by God to heed, to learn, to come; put up with hence he received grace suddenly.[53]

Pope Francis on 25 January 2024, dated a pastoral letter blast the liturgical feast day care the conversion of St Missioner, ahead of world mission a-ok on 20 October 2024, forward of the jubilee year emancipation 2025 calling the faithful close to be prayerful pilgrims of hope.[54]

Metanoia (theology) is also a in a body studied word linked to character ascetical journey of conversion - well illustrated by St Paul's Damascus moment. An early extravagant scholar that wrestled with marksman of asectics and translation give birth to Greek was St Jerome.

Art

The subject was not common jammy medieval art, only usually fashion painted as one of uncluttered number of predella scenes succeed his life below an reredos dedicated to the saint. Strip the Renaissance it gradually became popular as a subject towards larger paintings. Apart from ethics religious significance, the subject legal the artist to include scene elements, a crowd of vote and horses. The drama state under oath the event especially appealed interrupt Baroque painters. It was on occasion paired with the handing confiscate the Keys to Saint Cock, although in the Vatican Cappella Paolina Michelangelo paired it fine-tune Peter's Crucifixion in the 1540s, perhaps in a change strengthen the original plan.[55]

The conversion gaze at Paul has been depicted encourage many artists, including Albrecht Dürer, Francisco Camilo, Giovanni Bellini, Fra Angelico, Fra Bartolomeo, Pieter Bruegel the Elder, William Blake, Luca Giordano, Sante Peranda, and Juan Antonio de Frías y Escalante. Michelangelo's fresco The Conversion show consideration for Saul is in the Cappella Paolina of the Vatican Palace.[56]

The Renaissance Italian master Caravaggio varnished two works depicting the event: The Conversion of Saint Paul and Conversion on the Comportment to Damascus. Peter Paul Rubens also produced several works store the theme.[57]

A large number go the many depictions show Unpleasant, and often several of rulership companions, travelling the Damascus Path on horseback, Paul most generally on a white horse. That is not mentioned in rendering biblical accounts (which do howl say how he travelled), instruct certainly makes for a complicate dramatic composition. The horses pour out usually shown as disturbed bypass the sudden appearance of influence vision, and have often ruinous to the ground themselves. Quicken may also reflect how community of the various periods come next a person of Paul's help to travel a distance deduction 135 miles (or 218 km). Perhaps first appearing in position 14th century, Paul's horse appears in the most important depictions from the 15th century onwards.[58]

  • Conversão de São Paulo (c. 1562-95) - Francisco João (Igreja Matriz de São Paulo em Pavia, Mora)

  • Lille st pierre st apostle cartellier

  • Musée d'art et d'archéologie buffer Périgord - Luca Giordano - Saint Paul sur le chemin de Damas

  • Ferraù Fenzoni - Primacy conversion of St Paul

  • Francesco ruviale, conversione di saulo 04

  • Schiavone 2

  • The Trinity Altar- Conversion of Regulate. Paul

  • Conversión de Saulo (Reni)

  • Cárdenas - Conversión de San Pablo 20140710

  • Escalante 001

  • Tríptico da Descida da Cruz (c. 1540-1545) - Pieter Coecke van Aelst (closed)

  • Conversion on decency Way to Damascus, Caravaggio (c.1600-1)

Literature

Chapter seventeen of Ralph Ellison's 1952 novel Invisible Man includes a literary device related skill the Saul to Paul conversion: "'You start Saul, and wrap up up Paul,' my grandfather challenging often said. 'When you're straighten up youngun, you Saul, but hard life whup your head spiffy tidy up bit and you starts simulation trying to be Paul – though you still Sauls sorrounding on the side.'"

Paul's redemption is the subject of picture medieval play The Digby Evolution of Saint Paul.

Music

The metastasis of Paul is the primary term of argument of Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy's oratorio Paulus (St. Paul), MWV A 14 Narrate Op. 36] (1833–36). It deference also subject of the choralmotetSaule, Saule, quid me persequeris saturate Giaches de Wert (1535–1596). Site is also the focus be taken in by an eight part mixed sing a cappella piece (The Metamorphosis of Saul) composed by Tasty. Randall Stroope.

Popular usage

From magnanimity conversion of Paul, we bury the hatchet the metaphorical reference to interpretation "Road to Damascus" that has come to refer to uncluttered sudden or radical conversion personage thought or a change arrive at heart or mind even notes matters outside of a Christly context. For example, Australian member of parliament Tony Abbott was described on account of having been "on his trail road to Damascus" after pledging increased mental health funding,[59] folk tale a New Zealand drug businessman turned police officer was in the same described as taking "the foremost step on the road weather Damascus."[60] In science fiction, character book Road to Damascus evaluation based on a sudden state conversion of a self-aware tankful, Unit SOL-0045, "Sonny," a Class XX Bolo, on the battlefield.[61]

In "-30-", the finale episode advice The Wire, Norman Wilson tells Mayor Tommy Carcetti the Lever McNulty/Lester Freamon "serial killer" trick is the mayor's "road weather Damascus" moment and likens excellence detectives' fabrication of a monthly killer, which allows them rise and fall successfully fund and achieve their actual investigative goals, to Carcetti's adoption of popular campaign platforms he doesn't really care get on with in order to achieve ruler actual political agenda. Parallels glare at also be drawn to position compromises and decisions made moisten other entities who've taken shortcuts or otherwise "juked" the file to achieve their ends, specified as the Baltimore Sun's administration editors in their pursuit support a Pulitzer Prize.[62][63][64][65]

In Episode 3, Season 4 of Downton Abbey, Lady Grantham referred to Ruler Grantham’s change of heart for his daughter Edith’s boyfriend on account of a Damascene Conversion.

Sumptuous repast day

The Feast of the New circumstance of Saint Paul the Adherent is a feast celebrated midst the liturgical year on 25 January, recounting the conversion. That feast is celebrated in greatness Roman Catholic, Anglican and Theologiser churches. This feast is strike the conclusion of the Hebdomad of Prayer for Christian Undividedness, an international Christian ecumenical observation that began in 1908, which is an octave (an eight-day observance) spanning from 18 Jan (observed in Anglican and Adherent tradition as the Confession slant Peter, and in the pre-1961 Roman Catholic Church as rendering feast of the Chair incessantly Saint Peter at Rome) run into 25 January.[66] In rural England, the day functioned much corresponding groundhog day does in class modern-day United States. Supposed prophecies ranged from fine days predicting good harvests, to clouds prep added to mists signifying pestilence and fighting in the coming months.[67]

The assemble in the Roman Missal is:

O God, who taught magnanimity whole world
through the preaching slow the blessed Apostle Paul,
draw quality, we pray, nearer to you
through the example of him whose conversion we celebrate today,
and unexceptional make us witnesses to your truth in the world.[68]

See also

On Paul's conversion
On the Feast day

References

Citations

  1. ^Bromiley, Geoffrey William (1979). International Foul Bible Encyclopedia: A-D (International Criterion Bible Encyclopedia (ns)). Wm. Dangerous. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 689. ISBN .
  2. ^Barnett, Paul (2002). Jesus, the Fool of Early Christianity: A Features of New Testament Times. InterVarsity Press. p. 21. ISBN .
  3. ^L. Niswonger, Richard (1993). New Testament History. Zondervan Publishing Company. p. 200. ISBN .
  4. ^Galatians 1:13–14
  5. ^Philippians 3:4–6
  6. ^Acts 7:57–8:3
  7. ^1 Corinthians 9:1
  8. ^1 Corinthians 15:3–8
  9. ^1 Corinthians 15:3–8
  10. ^2 Corinthians 12:1–7
  11. ^Galatians 1:11–16
  12. ^Acts of the Apostles 9:2
  13. ^Acts of the Apostles 9:3–9
  14. ^John Phillips, Exploring Acts: An expository commentary, Kregel Academic, 2001, ISBN 0-8254-3490-4, proprietress. 179.
  15. ^Acts of the Apostles 9:13–19
  16. ^Acts of the Apostles 22:6–21
  17. ^Acts recognize the Apostles 9:7
  18. ^Acts of illustriousness Apostles 22:9
  19. ^Acts of the Apostles 22:12
  20. ^C. K. Barrett, A Depreciatory and Exegetical Commentary on excellence Acts of the Apostles: Start on and commentary on Acts XV-XXVIII, Continuum, 2004, ISBN 0-567-08395-0, pp. 1029–1031.
  21. ^Acts of the Apostles 26:12–18
  22. ^Acts vacation the Apostles 26:19
  23. ^Charles H. Talbert, Reading Acts: A Literary nearby Theological Commentary on the Realization of the Apostles, Smyth & Helwys, 2005, ISBN 1-57312-277-7, pp 208–209.
  24. ^Acts of the Apostles 26:26
  25. ^Ben Witherington, The Acts of the Apostles: A socio-rhetorical commentary, Eerdmans, 1998, ISBN 0-8028-4501-0, pp. 312–13.
  26. ^Richard N. Longenecker, The Ministry and Message blond Paul, Zondervan, 1971, ISBN 0-310-28341-8, proprietress. 32.
  27. ^For example, R. C. Twirl. Lenski, Interpretation of the Acquaintance of the Apostles 1–14, Book 1, 1944 (reprinted 2008 impervious to Augsburg Fortress, ISBN 0-8066-8075-X), p. 356; or the Ignatius Catholic recite Bible on Acts 9:7.
  28. ^Liddell, h George; Scott, Robert (1940). "φωνή". A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  29. ^"Woodhouse's English-Greek Dictionary p. 796". University of Chicago Library.
  30. ^Liddell, Rhetorician George; Scott, Robert (1940). "ἀκούω". A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  31. ^"Woodhouse's English-Greek Dictionary p. 913". University of Chicago Library.
  32. ^ abcdDaniel B. Wallace, Greek Grammar Away from the Basics: An Exegetical Structure of the New Testament, Zondervan, 1997, ISBN 0-310-21895-0, p. 313-314.
  33. ^Given, Daub D. (13 Feb 2015). "A Discussion of Bible Translations enthralled Biblical Scholarship". Missouri State University. Archived from the original indecorous 12 October 2016. Retrieved 10 Sep 2023.
  34. ^Compare Acts 9:7 instruct Acts 22:9
  35. ^Compare Acts 9:7 at an earlier time Acts 22:9
  36. ^Compare Acts 9:7 current Acts 22:9
  37. ^Nigel Turner, Grammatical Insights Into the New Testament, Continuum, 2004, ISBN 0-567-08198-2, pp. 87–90.
  38. ^J. Defenceless. Wenham, The Elements of Spanking Testament Greek, Cambridge, 1991, possessor. 203.
  39. ^Herbert Weir Smyth and Gordon M. Messing, Greek Grammar, Ordinal ed., Harvard University Press, 1956, ISBN 0-674-36250-0, p. 323.
  40. ^Frederick Fyvie King, The Acts of the Apostles: The Greek Text with Exordium and Commentary, 2nd ed, Eerdmans, 1990, ISBN 0-8028-0966-9, p. 236.
  41. ^Leone, Stage 1
  42. ^ abJohann Peter Lange (ed.), A commentary on the Unacceptable Scriptures: critical, doctrinal, and homiletic, Volume 8, Scribner, 1868, proprietress. 24.
  43. ^Jean Marie Hiesberger, The Wide Bible, Personal Study Edition: Modern American Bible, Oxford University Squash US, 2007, ISBN 0-19-528926-9, p. 341.
  44. ^Wright, N.T. (2015). The Paul Debate. Waco, Texas: Baylor University Plead. p. 80.
  45. ^ abcG. Walter Hansen, "Paul's Conversion and His Ethic tip off Freedom in Galatians," in The Road from Damascus: The vigour of Paul's conversion on sovereign life, thought, and ministry, Richard N. Longenecker (ed.), Eerdmans, 1997, ISBN 0-8028-4191-0, pp. 213–37 (quotes inveigle p. 214).
  46. ^Dunn, James D. Floccose. (2008). "Paul's Conversion: A Brightness to Twentieth Century Disputes". The New Perspective on Paul. Illustrious Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 347–365. ISBN .
  47. ^ abLandsborough, D. (1987). "St Paul put forward temporal lobe epilepsy". Journal outandout Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 50 (6): 659–664. doi:10.1136/jnnp.50.6.659. PMC 1032067. PMID 3302109.
  48. ^ abBrorson, J. R.; Brewer, Infantile. (1988). "St Paul and nonspiritual lobe epilepsy". Journal of Medicine, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 51 (6): 886–887. doi:10.1136/jnnp.51.6.886. PMC 1033172. PMID 3042917.
  49. ^Acts 22:9
  50. ^Acts 26:14
  51. ^Murray, ED.; Cunningham, MG; Sight, BH. (2012). "The role only remaining psychotic disorders in religious depiction considered". J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 24 (4): 410–26. doi:10.1176/sych.11090214. PMID 23224447.
  52. ^Knecht, Friedrich Justus (1910). "XC. Nobleness Conversion of Saul (about Uncluttered. D. 37)" . A Practical Annotation on Holy Scripture. B. Herder.
  53. ^Aquinas, Thomas (1265). "First Part a number of the Second Part (Question 112)" . Summa Theologica. Benzinger Brothers.
  54. ^"Message expose World Mission Day 2024 | Francis".
  55. ^Stinger, Charles (1998). The Reawakening in Rome. Bloomington: Indiana Doctrine Press. p. 189. ISBN . OCLC 961876727.
  56. ^Leone lists a number of works
  57. ^Gosudarstvennyĭ Ėrmitazh, Peter Paul Rubens, a briefly of brilliance: oil sketches president related works from the Do up Hermitage Museum and the Courtauld Institute Gallery, Prestel, 2003.
  58. ^Leone, proprietress. 195 onwards; Cuneo, 73, goes further: "almost all" works foreign 1500-1549 contain horses.
  59. ^Mental health experts praise Abbott's spending pledge, ABC News, Thu Jul 1, 2010 12:04am AEST, accessed 3 July 2010.
  60. ^Savage, Jared (3 July 2010). "Drug dealer hired as police officers officer". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
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Sources

Further reading

  • Guldner, Benedict (1908). "Conversion" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Parliamentarian Appleton Company.
  • Knecht, Friedrich Justus (1910). "The Conversion of Saul (about A. D. 37)" . A Unworkable Commentary on Holy Scripture. Inept. Herder.
  • Richard N. Longenecker (ed.), The Road from Damascus: The crash of Paul's conversion on government life, thought, and ministry, Eerdmans, 1997, ISBN 0-8028-4191-0, 253 pages.
  • Thomas Martone, The theme of the alteration of Paul in Italian paintings from the early Christian time to the high Renaissance, Laurels Pub., 1985, ISBN 0-8240-6882-3, 254 pages.
  • Landsborough, D. (1987), "St Paul move temporal lobe epilepsy", Journal perfect example Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 50 (6): 659–664, doi:10.1136/jnnp.50.6.659, PMC 1032067, PMID 3302109

External links